Radioactive Waste Management 2015 Radioactive Waste Management and Constructing Memory for Future Generations Proceedings of the International Conference and Debate 15-17 September 2014 Verdun, France NEA Radioactive Waste Management Radioactive Waste Management and Constructing Memory for Future Generations Proceedings of the International Conference and Debate 15-17 September 2014, Verdun, France © OECD 2015 NEA No. 7259 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 34 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on 1 February 1958. Current NEA membership consists of 31 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission also takes part in the work of the Agency. The mission of the NEA is: – to assist its member countries in maintaining and further developing, through international co-operation, the scientific, technological and legal bases required for a safe, environmentally friendly and economical use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes; – to provide authoritative assessments and to forge common understandings on key issues, as input to government decisions on nuclear energy policy and to broader OECD policy analyses in areas such as energy and sustainable development. Specific areas of competence of the NEA include the safety and regulation of nuclear activities, radioactive waste management, radiological protection, nuclear science, economic and technical analyses of the nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear law and liability, and public information. The NEA Data Bank provides nuclear data and computer program services for participating countries. In these and related tasks, the NEA works in close collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, with which it has a Co-operation Agreement, as well as with other international organisations in the nuclear field. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found online at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2015 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of the OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) [email protected]. FOREWORD Foreword Many member countries of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) have been engaging in the development of deep geological disposal projects for the long-term, final management of radioactive waste and spent fuel. Disposal facilities will be implemented and operated over several decades, but once they are closed, they will need to remain safe for millennia. Geological repositories are designed to be intrinsically safe and final, as safety should not depend on human presence and/or intervention. However, the intention is not to renounce, at any time, the obligation of maintaining records, knowledge and memory (RK&M) of the repository and the waste it contains. Enabling future members of society to make informed decisions is part of responsible, ethically sound and sustainable radioactive waste management. This attitude is also in line with a prudent approach to safety. Preparing for future RK&M preservation is best addressed while waste management plans are being designed and implemented, and while funding is available. In 2011, the NEA Radioactive Waste Management Committee (RWMC) launched its initiative on the Preservation of RK&M across Generations to foster international reflection and progress towards this goal and meet increasing demands by waste management specialists and other interested parties for viable and shared strategies. The RK&M initiative is now in its second phase, which is to last until 2017. Current members include radioactive waste management organisations, regulators, nuclear research institutes and national archives from Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) takes part as an observer and the initiative is supported by the European Commission (EC). Other organisations and specialists contribute on an ad hoc basis, for instance by completing targeted questionnaires and by participating in meetings and workshops. The reflections and activities of the RK&M initiative have included an ever-widening group of interested parties. Phase I of the initiative culminated on 15-17 September 2014 with the organisation of “Constructing Memory: An International Conference and Debate on the Preservation of Records, Knowledge and Memory of Radioactive Waste across Generations”. The conference took place at the Centre Mondial de la Paix, des Libertés et des Droits de l'Homme in the city of Verdun, France, and is documented in these proceedings. It was attended by approximately 200 participants, representing 17 countries and 3 international organisations (the NEA, IAEA and EC). Among the participants were specialists from both nuclear and non-nuclear organisations, academics, local community representatives, interested citizens and artists, who took part in the conference by means of invited presentations, panel sessions, round-table discussions and poster sessions. These proceedings include i) an introduction outlining the RK&M initiative; ii) a synthesis of the conference providing an overview of the talks that were delivered, of the art work that was exhibited and of the group discussions that took place; iii) lessons and conclusions for the RK&M initiative, and iv) extended abstracts provided by panellists, artists and poster presenters. The presentations that supported the talks delivered at the conference are available at: www.oecd-nea.org/rwm/rkm/constructingmemory/. RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTING MEMORY FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS, NEA No. 7259, © OECD 2015 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements “Constructing Memory – An International Conference and Debate on the Preservation of Records, Knowledge and Memory (RK&M) of Radioactive Waste across Generations” was organised by the NEA, with the support of the French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra). The programme committee was led by Claudio Pescatore (RK&M co-ordinator) and included the following RK&M initiative members: Anne Claudel, National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (Nagra), Switzerland; Jean-Noël Dumont, French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra), France; Stephan Hotzel, Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, Germany; Sofie Tunbrant, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB), Sweden and Simon Wisbey, Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), United Kingdom. Jantine Schröder (Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN), a member of the RK&M initiative, provided the draft synthesis included in these proceedings. Radu Botez and Marine Formentini (NEA) participated in the organisation of the conference and finalisation of these proceedings. Special thanks are due to the Andra team which made extensive efforts in supporting