TRADITIONAL RESOURCE USE OF THE FLAGSTAFF AREA MONUMENTS FINAL REPORT Prepared by Rebecca S. Toupal Richard W. Stoffle Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 86721 July 19, 2004 TRADITIONAL RESOURCE USE OF THE FLAGSTAFF AREA MONUMENTS FINAL REPORT Prepared by Rebecca S. Toupal Richard W. Stoffle Shawn Kelly Jill Dumbauld with contributions by Nathan O’Meara Kathleen Van Vlack Fletcher Chmara-Huff Christopher Basaldu Prepared for The National Park Service Cooperative Agreement Number 1443CA1250-96-006 R.W. Stoffle and R.S. Toupal, Principal Investigators Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 86721 July 19, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................iv CHAPTER ONE: STUDY OVERVIEW ..................................................................................1 Project History and Purpose...........................................................................................1 Research Tasks...............................................................................................................1 Research Methods..........................................................................................................2 Organization of the Report.............................................................................................7 CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY OF CULTURAL AFFILIATION REVIEW..........................8 Project Overview ...........................................................................................................8 Summary of Review Findings .......................................................................................9 CHAPTER THREE: SUNSET CRATER VOLCANO NATIONAL MONUMENT.............37 Lava Flow Trail............................................................................................................38 Pai ...................................................................................................................38 Southern Paiute ................................................................................................45 O’Leary Peak ...............................................................................................................48 Zuni .................................................................................................................48 Visitor Center...............................................................................................................56 Southern Paiute ...............................................................................................57 Western Apache ..............................................................................................62 Summary and Ethnographic Commentary...................................................................74 Pai Summary....................................................................................................74 Southern Paiute Summary................................................................................76 Zuni Summary .................................................................................................77 Hopi Summary.................................................................................................79 Western Apache Summary .............................................................................81 Navajo Summary .............................................................................................83 Ethnographic Commentary ..............................................................................85 CHAPTER FOUR: WALNUT CANYON NATIONAL MONUMENT................................86 Island Trail...................................................................................................................87 Pai ...................................................................................................................87 Southern Paiute ................................................................................................93 Rim Trail....................................................................................................................100 Southern Paiute .............................................................................................100 Zuni ...............................................................................................................103 Summary and Ethnographic Commentary.................................................................113 Pai Summary..................................................................................................113 Southern Paiute Summary..............................................................................115 Zuni Summary ...............................................................................................116 Hopi Summary...............................................................................................118 Navajo Summary ...........................................................................................119 Ethnographic Commentary ............................................................................120 i CHAPTER FIVE: WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT.................................................121 Citadel........................................................................................................................122 Zuni................................................................................................................122 Doney Mountain ........................................................................................................128 Pai ..................................................................................................................128 Southern Paiute ..............................................................................................134 Zuni................................................................................................................141 Lomaki ......................................................................................................................151 Zuni................................................................................................................151 Summary and Ethnographic Commentary.................................................................157 Pai Summary..................................................................................................157 Southern Paiute Summary..............................................................................158 Zuni Summary ...............................................................................................160 Hopi Summary...............................................................................................164 Navajo Summary ...........................................................................................166 Ethnographic Commentary ............................................................................167 CHAPTER SIX: CULTURAL LANDSCAPES....................................................................168 The Pai Landscape .....................................................................................................168 The Pai Cultural Landscape Map...................................................................177 Ethnographic Summary .................................................................................177 The Southern Paiute Landscape.................................................................................181 The Southern Paiute Cultural Landscape Map ..............................................192 Ethnographic Summary .................................................................................193 The Hopi Landscape .................................................................................................195 The Zuni Landscape...................................................................................................195 The Zuni Cultural Landscape Map ...............................................................201 Ethnographic Summary ................................................................................202 The Navajo Landscape...............................................................................................204 The Western Apache Landscape................................................................................205 The Western Apache Cultural Landscape Map .............................................212 Ethnographic Summary .................................................................................213 Regional Landscape...................................................................................................215 CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................221 Summary of Traditional Uses and Resources............................................................221 Tribal Recommendations ..........................................................................................227 Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument..................................................227 Pai Tribal Representatives ................................................................227 Southern Paiute Tribal Representatives ............................................228 Zuni Tribal Representatives...............................................................228