SAS® 9.1 Companion for UNIX Environments The correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows: SAS Institute Inc. 2004. SAS ® 9.1 Companion for UNIX Environments. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. SAS® 9.1 Companion for UNIX Environments Copyright © 2004, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA ISBN 1–59047–210–1 All rights reserved. Produced in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, SAS Institute Inc. U.S. Government Restricted Rights Notice. Use, duplication, or disclosure of this software and related documentation by the U.S. government is subject to the Agreement with SAS Institute and the restrictions set forth in FAR 52.227–19 Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights (June 1987). 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Contents What’s New ix Overview ix Migrating 32-Bit SAS Files to 64–Bit SAS Files ix Accessing SAS Files from Previous Releases x Restricted System Options x Executing UNIX Commands within a SAS Session x Sending E-mail from within Your SAS Session x Accessing Shared Executable Libraries from SAS xi Changes to the cleanwork Command xi SAS Resources xi SAS Language Elements xi PART1 Running SAS Software Under UNIX 1 Chapter 1 Getting Started with SAS in UNIX Environments 3 Starting SAS Sessions in UNIX Environments 4 Running SAS in a Foreground or Background Process 5 Selecting a Method of Running SAS in UNIX Environments 6 SAS Windowing Environment in UNIX Environments 6 Interactive Line Mode in UNIX Environments 7 Batch Mode in UNIX Environments 8 Running SAS on a Remote Host in UNIX Environments 9 X Command Line Options 11 Executing Operating System Commands from Your SAS Session 13 Customizing Your SAS Registry Files 16 Customizing Your SAS Session Using Configuration and Autoexec Files 16 Customizing Your SAS Session Using System Options 18 Defining Environment Variables in UNIX Environments 21 Determining the Completion Status of a SAS Job in UNIX Environments 22 Interrupting or Terminating Your SAS Session in UNIX Environments 22 Ending a Process That Is Running as a SAS Server 24 Ending a SAS Process on a Relational Database 25 Chapter 2 Working in the SAS Windowing Environment 29 Definition of the SAS Windowing Environment 30 Description of SAS in the X Environment 31 The SAS Session Manager (motifxsassm) in UNIX 33 Displaying Function Key Definitions in UNIX Environments 34 The SAS ToolBox in UNIX Environments 35 Opening Files in UNIX Environments 39 Changing Your Working Directory in UNIX Environments 41 iv Selecting (Marking) Text in UNIX Environments 42 Copying or Cutting and Pasting Selected Text in UNIX Environments 44 Using Drag and Drop in UNIX Environments 45 Searching For and Replacing Text Strings in UNIX Environments 46 Sending Mail from within Your SAS Session in UNIX Environments 47 Configuring SAS for Host Editor Support in UNIX Environments 49 Getting Help in UNIX Environments 50 Chapter 3 Customizing the SAS Windowing Environment 53 Overview of Customizing SAS in X Environment 54 Overview of X Resources 55 Methods for Customizing X Resources 55 Modifying X Resources through the Preferences Dialog Box 57 Setting X Resources with the Resource Helper 62 Customizing Toolboxes and Toolsets in UNIX Environments 67 Customizing Key Definitions in UNIX Environments 73 Customizing Fonts in UNIX Environments 80 Customizing Colors in UNIX Environments 84 Controlling Pull-Down Menus in UNIX Environments 91 Customizing Cut-and-Paste in UNIX Environments 91 Customizing Session Workspace, Session Gravity, and Window Sizes in UNIX Environments 93 Specifying User-Defined Icons in UNIX Environments 94 Miscellaneous Resources in UNIX Environments 96 Summary of X Resources for SAS in UNIX Environments 97 Chapter 4 Using SAS Files 101 Introduction to SAS Files, Data Libraries, and Engines in UNIX Environments 103 Common Types of SAS Files in UNIX Environments 104 Filename Extensions and Member Types in UNIX Environments 105 Migrating 32-Bit SAS Files to 64-Bit in UNIX Environments 106 Accessing SAS Files across Compatible Machine Types in UNIX Environments 108 Creating a SAS File to Use with an Earlier Release 110 Reading SAS Data Sets from Previous Releases or from Other Hosts 111 Referring to SAS Data Files Using Librefs in UNIX Environments 111 Specifying Pathnames in UNIX Environments 114 Assigning a Libref to Several Directories (Concatenating Directories) 115 Using Multiple Engines for a Library in UNIX Environments 116 Using Environment Variables as Librefs in UNIX Environments 117 Librefs Assigned by SAS in UNIX Environments 118 Using One-Level Names To Access Permanent Files (User Data Library) 120 Accessing Disk-Format Data Libraries in UNIX Environments 121 Accessing Sequential-Format Data Libraries in UNIX Environments 122 Sharing Files in UNIX Environments 124 Accessing BMDP, OSIRIS, or SPSS Files in UNIX Environments 125 Support for Links in UNIX Environments 128 v Chapter 5 Using External Files and Devices 131 Introduction to External Files and Devices in UNIX Environments 132 Accessing an External File or Device in UNIX Environments 133 Specifying Pathnames in UNIX Environments 133 Assigning Filerefs to External Files or Devices with the FILENAME Statement 135 Concatenating Filenames in UNIX Environments 138 Assigning a Fileref to a Directory (Using Aggregate Syntax) 138 Using Environment Variables to Assign Filerefs in UNIX Environments 139 Filerefs Assigned by SAS in UNIX Environments 140 Reserved Filerefs in UNIX Environments 141 Reading from and Writing to UNIX Commands (PIPE) 141 Sending Electronic Mail Using the FILENAME Statement (EMAIL) 143 Processing Files on TAPE in UNIX Environments 149 Chapter 6 Printing and Routing Output 153 Overview of Printing Output in UNIX Environments 154 Previewing Output in UNIX Environments 154 The Default Routings for the SAS Log and Procedure Output in UNIX Environments 155 Changing the Default Routings in UNIX Environments 155 Using the Print Dialog Box in UNIX Environments 157 Using Commands to Print in UNIX Environments 159 Using the PRINTTO Procedure in UNIX Environments 161 Using SAS System Options to Route Output 163 Printing Large Files with the PIPE Device Type in UNIX Environments 164 Changing the Default Print Destination in UNIX Environments 165 Changing the Default Print Command in UNIX Environments 165 Controlling the Content and Appearance of Output in UNIX Environments 165 Chapter 7 Accessing Shared Executable Libraries from SAS 169 Overview of Shared Libraries in SAS 170 The SASCBTBL Attribute Table 170 Special Considerations When Using Shared Libraries 176 Examples of Accessing Shared Executable Libraries from SAS 187 PART2 Application Considerations 195 Chapter 8 Data Representation 197 Numeric Variable Length and Precision in UNIX Environments 197 Missing Values in UNIX Environments 198 Reading and Writing Binary Data in UNIX Environments 198 PART3 Host-Specific Features of the SAS Language 199 Chapter 9 Commands under UNIX 201 SAS Commands under UNIX 202 vi Chapter 10 Data Set Options under UNIX 223 SAS Data Set Options under UNIX 223 Dictionary 223 Summary of SAS Data Set Options in UNIX Environments 227 Chapter 11 Formats under UNIX 231 SAS Formats under UNIX 231 Dictionary 231 Chapter 12 Functions and CALL Routines under UNIX 237 SAS Functions and CALL Routines under UNIX 237 Dictionary 238 Chapter 13 Informats under UNIX 257 SAS Informats under UNIX 257 Dictionary 257 Chapter 14 Macro Facility under UNIX 263 About the Macro Facility under UNIX 263 Automatic Macro Variables in UNIX Environments 263 Macro Statements in UNIX Environments 265 Macro Functions in UNIX Environments 265 SAS System Options Used by the Macro Facility in UNIX Environments 266 Using Autocall Libraries in UNIX Environments 266 Chapter 15 Procedures under UNIX 269 SAS Procedures under UNIX 269 Dictionary 269 Chapter 16 Statements under UNIX 289 SAS Statements under UNIX 289 Dictionary 289 Chapter 17 System Options under UNIX 311 SAS System Options under UNIX 313 Determining How a System Option Was Set 313 Dictionary 313 Summary of All SAS System Options in UNIX Environments 384 PART4 Appendices 395 Appendix 1 The !SASROOT Directory 397 Introduction to the !SASROOT Directory 397 Contents of the !SASROOT Directory 397 Appendix 2 Tools for the System Administrator 399 The Utilities Directory in UNIX Environments 399 Installing Manual Pages 399 vii Utilities in the /bin Directory 400 Appendix 3 Using SSL in UNIX Environments 403 What Is SSL? 403 Using SSL 405 SSL for SAS 405 SSL for UNIX 405 Converting between PEM and DER File Formats 410 SSL Language Elements 411 Appendix 4 SAS Releases in UNIX Environments 413 SAS Releases in UNIX Environments 413 Appendix 5 Recommended Reading 415 Recommended Reading 415 Glossary 417 Index 427 viii ix What’s New Overview New and enhanced features for Base SAS improve ease of use and SAS performance under the UNIX operating environment: SAS for the AIX, HP-UX, and Solaris operating environments is 64-bit only. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is now the default mail handler. Sharing files between UNIX and Windows has been simplified. Using the MODULE family of SAS functions and CALL routines, you can invoke a routine that resides in an external shared library from within SAS.