E S S E N T I A L S of I S L A M I C S C I E N C E S [Quran, Hadith, Fiqh & Tasawwuf] BY: Anjum Awan (D. Phil) 1 All Rights ReservedBook: Revisiti Isl BOOK: ESSENTIALS of ISLAMIC SCIENCES AUTHOR: Dr. Anjum Awan YEAR: 2020 ISBN: ………………… Price: Rs. 500/- USD 10 PUBLISHER: ADAM PUBLISHERS NEW DELHI AVAILABLE: Department of Islamic Studies BGSBU Rajouri-185234 Haveli 44, Dream Land, College Road, Rajouri-185132 Adam Publishers New Delhi CONTACTS: Phone: +919469000044/ +917006333074 Email: [email protected]/ [email protected] Feedback: [email protected] 2 A TRIBUTE TO Maulana Maududi [The Man who democratized Islamic knowledge] 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Index Page Acknowledgment 7 Foreword 9 Introduction 11 1: ‘KHAIR AL-QURUN’ [The Early Period of Islam] 17-43 . Arabia before Islam 18 . ‘Khair al-Qurun’ [Definition & Features] 22 26 ﷺ Prophet Muhammad . Main Events at Makkah 26 Main Events at Madina 27 Madina State 28 Treaty of Hudaybia 30 . Rightly Guided Caliphs 31-38 H. Abu Bakr Siddique RA 31 H. Umar bin Khattab RA 33 H. Uthman bin Affan RA 35 H. Ali ibn Abi Talib RA 37 . Muslim History at a Glance 40 . Further Readings in Islamic History 43 2: INTRODUCTION TO STUDY OF QURAN 45-140 . Knowledge In Islam 47 . Basic Islamic Terminology 53 . Wahi: Definition, types, preservation 55 . Collection & Compilation of Quran 59 . Nasikh & Mansukh 64 . Muhkamat & Mutashabihat 67 . Makki & Madani Surahs 70 . Unique Characteristics of Quran 72 . Aejaz ul-Quran: Nazm & Zabt 73 . Broader Teachings of Quran: 75-92 [Basic, Social, Political, Economic] . Tafsir: Origin and Development 93 . Classical Tafsir Scholars/Works 101 [Tabri, Zamakhshri, Qurtubi, Ibn Kathir, Jalalain, Alusi] . Urdu Tafsir Literature (A Brief Survey) 112 . Prominent Tafsir works: 114 [Tafsir Bayan ul-Quran, Tafsir Sanai, Tarjuman ul-Quran, Tafhim ul-Quran] 4 . Tafsir Literature in English: 125 [The Holy Quran by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Tafsir ul-Quran by 128 Ab Majid Daryabadi, Message of Quran by M. Asad, The Noble Quran by Muhsin Khan & Taqi Hilali] . Further Readings [Quranic Studies] 140 3: INTRODUCTION TO STUDY OF HADITH 141 . Introduction to Hadith: 143 Meaning & Concept 144 Hadith and Sunnah 146 Place of Hadith in Islam 148 Basic Terminology in Hadith 154 . Hadith Classification: 155 [According to authenticity, Tawatur & Isnad] . Compilation of Hadith 168 . Principles of Hadith Analysis 180 Asma al-Rijal 185 Jarh o Ta’dil 188 . Fabrication of Hadith 192 . Prominent Hadith Scholars 200 . Types of Hadith Collections 202 [Sunan,Musnad, Jam‘i, Mu’jam, Musannaf, Mustadrak] . Classification of Hadith Literature 206 . Important Hadith Collections 207 Muwatta Imam Malik & Musnad Ahmad 207 Primary collections: ‘Kutub as-Sitta’ 216 Primary collections ( Not in Kutub al-Sittah) 253 [Sunan Darimi, Shamaail Tirmidhi etc. Secondary books of Ahadith: 255 [Riyadh al Salihin, Kanzul Ummal, Mishkat etc.] . Some Later Hadith Scholars 257 . Modern Hadith Literature[Allama Albani] 265 . Further Readings in Hadith Studies 269 4: INTRODUCTION TO STUDY OF FIQH 271 . Introduction to Islamic Law 271 . Fiqh: Basic Terminology 278 . Fiqh: Definition, Scope/Significance 280 . Usul al-Fiqh 283 . Origin & Early Development of Fiqh 284 [Legislation, Interpretation, Flourishing,Stagnation, Revival] . Sources of Islamic Law 295 Primary Sources 298 Subsidiary Sources 313 5 . Schools of Islamic Law 323 [Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi, Hanbli, Ja’fri] . Concept of Ijtihad & Taqlid 350 . Characteristics of Islamic Law 364 . Family Law in Islam 369 [Marriage, Divorce, Inheritence] . Criminal Law in Islam 380 [Hudud, Qisas, Tazir] . Constitutional Law in Islam 383 . International Law in Islam 385 . Further Readings in Study of Fiqh 388 5 : INTRODUCTION TO STUDY OF TASAWWUF 389 . Tasawwuf: Meaning & Conepts 391 . Theories of Development 393 . Origin & Development 395 . Basic Terminology 401 [The Building Blocks of Tasawwuf] . Early Trends & Scholars: 417 [Hassan Basri, Rabia Basri, Junaid Baghdadi] . Emergence of Sufi Orders (Silsilas) 428 Organisation: Stages [Ribat, Khanqa, Taífa] 430 . Common Characteristics of Sufi Silsilas 431 . Major Sufi Silsilas (Orders): 437 [Qadiriyyah, Suhrawardiyyah, 438 Chishtiyyah, Naqshbandiyyah] . Ibn al-Arbi & Wahdat al-Wujud 454 . S. Ahmad Sirhindi & Wahdat al-Shuhud 457 . Prominent Sufi Texts 462 [Kimya-e Saadat, Ghuniyyat ul-Talibeen, Kashaf al-Mehjub, Awarif al-Muaarif] . Spiritulity in Islam [By: Khalid Hussain] 469 Concept of AuliaAllah in Primary Texts 476 Concept of Al-Riqaq in Primary Texts 480 . Further Readings in Tasawwuf 490 . Important Books & Authors 491 BIBLIOGRAPHY 495 INDEX 499 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All Praise and honor belong to Almighty Allah; Whose Benevolence is the sole criteria of success in every walk of life. When years of earnest hard work finally translate into a published book, it is easy to take all the credit and pat oneself on the back for a gigantic task accomplished. The fact remains, however, that no work of such magnitude is possible without a whole network of support systems available to a scholar. I consider myself both fortunate and blessed to have been associated with people who went out of their way to lend me a helping hand even before I asked for it. I would like to express my deep gratitude to personalities who helped me undertake this challenging job. I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to Prof. Javed Musarrat, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor BGSBU Rajouri for providing me an opportunity to fulfil my dream of teaching ‘Islamic Sciences’ at the newly established department of Islamic Studies, in BGSB University. The present volume in fact emanates from the diligently prepared class notes by the author, and a series of lectures delievered during academic sessions. I am highly indebted to Prof. Naseem Ahmad Shah (KU), Prof. Iqbal Parwez the Dean Academic affairs BGSBU and Prof. Akhtarul Wasey Professor Emeritus JMI New Delhi and President, Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur Rajasthan; who have always been patting my shoulders for undertaking academic research and publications. I shall be failing in my duty if I do not acknowledge the love and affection given to me by my family members; particularly my wife Ms. Munira Begum for the moral support and 7 encouragement throughout my academic endeavors. My special thanks are due to my colleagues, research scholars and students at department of Islamic Studies, particularly Mr. Khalid Hussain, who spared their precious time to review the script several times and for all the required support and feed back. Plainly speaking, without their help and encouragement; the execution of this extensive work would have been rather impossible. The present volume, primarily based on class notes, has been compiled keeping in view the requirements of university students and scholars undergoing various courses in Islamic studies. It is in fact a humble attempt by a selfless soul, to present Islamic teachings in assimilable format to the seekers of knowledge; with the basic objective of sharing correct knowledge of Islam as ‘Sadaqa e Jaaria’ and not to reap any worldly harvest. In doing so I was inspired by the diligence and sincerity of ‘Honeybee’ and wish to thank all those flowers whose nectar adds to the flavour of this recipe. I thank Almighty Allah for uncountable blessings that made it possible for me to finally complete this dream project. Let me also acknowledge that ‘If there is any merit discernible in the work, it is absolutely due to the grace of Almighty Allah; and if there are faults, and undoubtedly there might be many, they must be credited to my own incompetence. Further I strongly believe that ‘the largest room in the world is the room for improvement’ and I solicit feedback and suggestions for improvement in the next edition. Dr. Anjum Awan BGSBU Rajouri 8 FOREWORD Islamic Studies as an academic subject, finds place in various universities from Kashmir to Kerala. One can’t deny the contributions of Indian Scholars to Islamic knowledge. Take for example exceptional work of Maulana Habib-ul-Rahman Azmi in the field of Hadith that has won him global accolades. Likewise Indian scholars have contributed immensely in every field, be it Tafsir or Fiqh, Tasawwuf or Ilm-ul-Kalam. In our country, we have a treasure trove of religious intellectuals who have written in diverse languages and more specifically in Arabic, Persian, Urdu and English. It is also, however a fact that students of Islamic Studies in Universities and Colleges tend to rely more on the works of Scholars like T.W. Arnold, P.K. Hitti, W. C. Smith, H. R. Gibb which mould these young minds’ outlook and they tend to believe them blindly resulting in faulty reasoning. This scenario prompted Dr. Anjum Awan to produce a compelling and comprehensive treatise on Islamiyat unifying faith, prayer and religious affairs. Dr. Anjum has his own unique and distinct story. Trained as Medic, he has contributed immensely in the field of medicine in his capacity of being a child-specialist. But his determination to complete Ph. D. in Islamic Studies added new feathers in his cap. And at the nadir of his medical career, he shed his whitte apron and transcended to contribute in the field of teaching. He defies all descriptions of intellectuality and is a living example of ‘Where there is a will, there is a way’ and ‘God helps those who help themselves’. It is pertinent to mention 9 here that Dr Rafique Anjum has not just made his name in medicine and Islamic Studies but he is also a noted Urdu Poet and one of the authorities on Gojri language. This avatar of his has a wide readership in literary circles. Dr. Anjum has also been awarded in this field, many times. I somehow moved away from what I was supposed to say but it is not my fault. It is the multi-faceted and exceptional personality of Dr. Anjum that one falls short of words when his contributions are to be seen and studied.