Concordis International Report CROSSING THE LINE: TRANSHUMANCE IN TRANSITION ALONG THE SUDAN-SOUTH SUDAN BORDER OCTOBER 2012 Concordis International Report _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This report was drafted with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Concordis International and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. [1] Concordis International Report _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Contents Definitions ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Limitations ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Key Findings ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Western Bahr el Ghazal ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Peoples .............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Traditional Migration Routes and 2011-2012 Migration Routes ............................................................................. 14 Summary of Dry Season Migration 2011-2012 ..................................................................................................... 15 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Northern Bahr el Ghazal ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Peoples .............................................................................................................................................................. 20 Traditional Migration Routes and 2011-2012 Migration Routes ............................................................................ 23 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................... 29 Abyei................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Peoples .............................................................................................................................................................. 34 Traditional Migration Routes and 2011-2012 Migration Routes ............................................................................. 37 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................... 43 Warrap ................................................................................................................................................................ 48 Peoples .............................................................................................................................................................. 48 Traditional Migration Routes and 2011-2012 Migration Routes ............................................................................. 50 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................... 54 Unity ................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Peoples .............................................................................................................................................................. 56 Traditional Migration Routes and 2011-2012 Migration Routes ............................................................................. 60 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................... 65 Upper Nile ........................................................................................................................................................... 71 Peoples .............................................................................................................................................................. 71 Traditional Migration Routes and 2011-2012 Migration Routes ............................................................................. 74 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................... 81 [2] Concordis International Report _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Definitions AAA Abyei Area Administration originally established under the terms of the Abyei Protocol in the CPA. AJOC Abyei Joint Oversight Committee; composed of two members from each party; created by agreement between the parties in Addis Ababa in June 2011. Amir The highest position in Sudan’s Native Administration system; above the office of Omda and Shaykh. Amirat/ Emirate Administrative unit headed by an Amir; commonly but not always associated with community land rights. Baggara Arabic word for cattle keepers commonly applied to Arab groups along the southern fringe of the Sahel. In Sudan the term refers to a number of cattle keeping groups living in the savannah areas near the border with South Sudan. CAD Civil Affairs Department (within a United Nations mission) CIDA Canadian International Development Agency State/County/ Administrative divisions of South Sudan. There are 10 states in South Sudan and between 3 Payam/Boma and 13 counties in each state. Counties are sub-divided into a number of payams (districts) which are further sub-divided into bomas (village level units). Locality Administrative unit of Sudan, equivalent to county level. CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CSAC Community Security and Arms Control FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GoS Government of Sudan GoSS Government of Southern Sudan (from 2005 until independence of South Sudan in 2011) GRSS Government of the Republic of South Sudan (after 2011 independence) IDP Internally Displaced Person JEM Justice and Equality Movement LRA Lords Resistance Army MARF Ministry of Agricultural Resources and Fisheries Makhraf Wet-season grazing areas Murhal Arabic and local term for a livestock route NCP National Congress Party, created out of the National Islamic Front regime in 1997; ruling party of the Government of Sudan. NGO/INGO Non Governmental Organisation/International Non Governmental Organisation Omda A position in Sudan’s Native Administration system; below the office of Amir and above the office of Shaykh. Omodiya Administrative sub-division of Amirates headed by an Omda; the term is sometimes also applied to Emirates when they are themselves sub-divisions of a larger unit (for example, the Amirates of Misseriya Humr). Paramount Under the system of Local Government and Traditional Authority in South Sudan, the bearer Chief is responsible for a payam elected by the chiefs of each boma and reports to the county commissioner. The term is also widely applied to the heads of Customary Judicial Councils at county and state levels. PCA Abyei The Abyei Area as defined by the Permanent Court of Arbitration’s Final Award on July 22, Area 2009. PDF Popular Defence Force Ragaba Seasonal watercourse RMG Rebel Militia