intelligence and national security and national intelligence ISP INTELLIGENCE STUDIES PROJECT UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN in american society lbj school ut austin ut lbj school Cover: Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence John McLaughlin testifying before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, April 14, 2004. (Getty image) Clockwise from Upper Left: intelligence and PRP participants at the LBJ School in Austin TX, May 5, 2016; Students Meenakshi Awasthi and Liam Kozma briefing at the “In- telligence and National Security in American Society” conference in Austin, March 30, 2016; national security Students meeting with CIA Director John Brennan and UT-Sys- tem Chancellor William McRaven in Austin, September 15, 2015; Students with Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence in american society Stephanie O’Sullivan at ODNI in McLean, VA, May 16, 2016; Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counter- terrorism Lisa Monaco delivering keynote remarks at the confer- ence in Austin, March 30, 2016. isbn: 978-0-89940-817-0 189 Policy ReseaRch PRoject RePoRt 189 Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Policy Research Project Report Number 189 Intelligence and National Security in American Society Project Directed by Stephen B. Slick William C. Inboden A report by the Policy Research Project on Intelligence in American Society May 2016 The LBJ School of Public Affairs publishes a wide range of public policy issue titles. ISBN: 978-0-89940-817-0 ©2016 by The University of Texas at Austin All rights reserved. No part of this publication or any corresponding electronic text and/or images may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover design by Doug Marshall Policy Research Project Participants LBJ School Graduate Students Meenakshi Awasthi, M.S. (Global Medicine), University of Southern California; B.A. (English), Rice University MAJ Steven Brackin, M.M.A.S. (Operational Art and Science) and M.M.A.S. (Homeland Security Studies), United States Army Command and General Staff College; B.A. (Government), University of Texas at Austin Raheem Chaudhry, B.A. (English Language and Literature), The University of Maryland, College Park Matthew Farrar, B.S. (Economics), The University of Alabama at Birmingham Imaad Khan, B.A. (Religious Studies), The University of Texas at Austin CPT Liam Kozma, B.S. (American History), United States Military Academy Chelssie Lopez, B.A. (International Relations), St. Mary’s University Eric Manpearl, B.A. (History), Rice University Darby O’Rear, B.A. (English and Spanish), Abilene Christian University Danielle Oxford, J.D. and B.A. (Plan II Honors), The University of Texas at Austin Keith Pitstick, B.A. (International Relations and Global Studies) and B.A. (History), The University of Texas at Austin Sydney Taylor, B.A. (Political Philosophy, Policy, and Law) and B.A. (French Language and Literature), University of Virginia Anna Waterfield, B.A. (International Studies), American University Courtney Weldon, B.S. (Forensic and Investigative Sciences), Texas A&M University U.S. Army War College Fellow LTC Kristine Henry, M.S. (Computer Science), Hood College; B.S. (Mathematics), The College of William and Mary Project Directors Stephen B. Slick, J.D., University of California, Los Angeles; M.P.P., Princeton University; B.A. (Political Science), Pennsylvania State University William C. Inboden, Ph.D. (History) and M.A. (History), Yale University; A.B. (History), Stanford Table of Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................................ ix Preface............................................................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... xiii Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................xv Recommendations ................................................................................................................. xvii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1. National Security Council Oversight of U.S. Intelligence Activities ............................3 History of the National Security Council ...................................................................................3 Current Perspectives and Analysis.............................................................................................7 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................9 Chapter 2. Executive Branch Oversight of the Intelligence Community: The PIAB and IOB .....11 History......................................................................................................................................11 Current Perspectives and Analysis...........................................................................................17 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................20 Chapter 3. The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: Protecting Civil Liberties while Countering Terrorism ................................................................................................................21 Historical Perspective: Genesis of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board ..............21 Current Perspectives ................................................................................................................25 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................34 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................34 Chapter 4. Inspectors General in the Intelligence Community ......................................................35 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................35 History of Inspectors General ..................................................................................................35 Outstanding Concerns ..............................................................................................................40 Assessment ...............................................................................................................................45 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................46 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................47 Chapter 5. Congressional Oversight of the Intelligence Community ............................................49 The History of Congressional Oversight .................................................................................49 Current Perspectives and Analysis...........................................................................................64 v Recommendations ....................................................................................................................70 Chapter 6. Judicial Oversight of the Intelligence Community ......................................................71 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................71 Surveillance and the Judicial Branch .......................................................................................71 The Judicial Branch Beyond Surveillance ...............................................................................82 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................86 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................86 Chapter 7. The Impact of Foreign Security Services, International Governmental Organizations, and International Law: Moving Toward Multilateral Intelligence Oversight ...........................87 Foreign Security Services ........................................................................................................88 International Governmental Organizations and International Law .........................................92 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................105 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................105 Chapter 8. Non-Governmental Organizations and U.S. Intelligence...........................................107 NGO Oversight of the IC: A Historical Account...................................................................107 Current Perspectives on the IC-NGO Relationship ...............................................................110