Higher Secondary Course COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (Commerce) CLASS - XII Government of Kerala DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), Kerala 2015 THE NATIONAL ANTHEM Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka, jaya he Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata. Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga Tava subha name jage, Tava subha asisa mage, Gahe tava jaya gatha. Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he! PLEDGE India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it. I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect, and treat everyone with courtesy. To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion. In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness. Prepared by: State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT © Department of Education, Government of Kerala To be printed in quality paper - 80gsm map litho (snow-white) Foreword Dear learners, The syllabus of Computer Applications for the Commerce discipline at Higher Secondary Level has been revised and implemented in view of the fact that computer is used currently as a tool for various applications, especially in the field of e-Banking, e-Commerce, e- Governance, etc. Higher studies and placements, at present, greatly demand human resources with adequate knowledge in computer applications and information technology. In Class XI, the syllabus focussed on the fundamentals of computer, hardware and software components, computer network and Intenet. Emphasis is also given to put a strong foundation to develop problem solving skills and create computer programs. The syllabus of Class XII Computer Application (Commerce) is a continuation to that of Class XI. Hence the text book, designed in accordance with the syllabus, begins with some advanced features of C++ programming language to solve complex problems. Since we are in the age of Internet and most of us are users of web applications, an introduction to develop the same is also provided. The concept of database and facilities of information retrieval are included. A chapter is dedicated to present a brief idea about Enterprise Resource Planning. An exclusive section on the new trends and issues in the field of Information Communication Technology is also incorporated. Considering the increase in the use of Internet, an awareness about Cyber laws is presented to safeguard against Cyber crimes. I hope this book will meet all the requirements for stepping to levels of higher education and pave the way to the peak of success. Dr S. Raveendran Nair Director SCERT, Kerala Textbook Development Team Joy John Prasanth P. M. HSST, St. Joseph's HSS, HSST, St. Joseph's Boys' HSS, Thiruvananthapuram Kozhikode A. N. Sathian Sunil Kariyatan HSST, GM HSS, Koyilandy, HSST, Govt. Brennen HSS, Kozhikode Thalassery Mustafa Shamsul Haq K. K. Asees V. HSST, GHSS Kuthuparamba, HSST, Govt. HSS Velliyode, Kannur Kozhikode A. S. Ismael Rajamohan C. HSST, PJMS GHSS, Kandassankadavu, HSST, Nava Mukunda HSS, Thrissur Thirunavaya, Malappuram Vinod V. Najeeb P. P. HSST, NSS HSS, Prakkulam, HSST, Himayathul Islam HSS, Kollam Kozhikode Experts Dr Lajish V. L. Dr Madhu S. Nair Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Calicut Science, University of Kerala Madhu V. T. Dr Binu P. Chacko Director, Computer Centre, University of Associate Professor, Dept. of Computer Calicut Science, Prajyoti Niketan College, Dr Sushil Kumar R. Pudukad, Thrissur Associate Professor, Dept. of English, Dr Deepa L. C. D. B. College, Sasthamcotta Assistant Professor, Dept. of English, Vinayakumaran Nair N. Govt. Women's College, Trivandrum Assistant Commandant, Hi-Tech Cell, Maheswaran Nair V. Police Head Quarters, Trivandrum Sub Divisional Engineer, Regional Dr Kabeer V. Telecom Training Centre, Kaimanom, Asst. Prof & Head, Dept. of Computer Tvpm. Science, Farook College, Kozhikode Artists Sudheer Y. Vineeth V. Academic Co-ordinator Dr Meena S. Research Officer, SCERT CONTENTS 1. Review of C++ Programming ............................................... 9 1.1 Basics of C++ 1.2 Control statements 1.3 Nested loops 1.4 Jump statements 2. Arrays .................................................................................. 31 2.1 Array and its need 2.2 Array operations 2.3 String handling using arrays 2.4 Memory allocation for strings 2.5 Input/Output operations on strings 3. Functions .............................................................................. 45 3.1 Concept of modular programming 3.2 Functions in C++ 3.3 Predefined functions 3.4 User-defined functions 3.5 Scope and life of variables and functions 4. Web Technology .................................................................. 81 4.1 Communication on the web 4.2 Web server technologies 4.3 Web designing 4.4 Static and dynamic web pages 4.5 Scripts 4.6 Cascading Style Sheet 4.7 Basic concepts of HTML documents 4.8 Creating an HTML document 4.9 Essential HTML tags 4.10 Some common tags 4.11 HTML entities for reserved characters 4.12 Adding comments in HTML document 4.13 Inserting images 5. Web Designing Using HTML ........................................... 131 5.1 Lists in HTML 5.2 Creating links 5.3 Inserting music and video 5.4 Creating tables in a web page 5.5 Dividing the browser window 5.6 Forms in web pages 5.7 Overview of HTML 5 6. Client Side Scripting Using JavaScript ............................ 173 6.1 Getting started with JavaScript 6.2 Creating functions in JavaScript 6.3 Data types in JavaScript 6.4 Variables in JavaScript 6.5 Operators in JavaScript 6.6 Control structures in JavaScript 6.7 Built-in functions 6.8 Accessing values in a text box using JavaScript 6.9 Ways to add scripts to a web page 7. Web Hosting ...................................................................... 217 7.1 Web hosting 7.2 Free hosting 7.3 Content Management System 7.4 Responsive web design 8. Database Management System ....................................... 229 8.1 Concept of database 8.2 Components of the DBMS environment 8.3 Data abstraction and data independence 8.4 Users of database 8.5 Relational data model 8.6 Terminologies in RDBMS 8.7 Relational algebra 9. Structured Query Language ............................................. 255 9.1 Structured Query Language 9.2 Working on MySQL 9.3 SQL commands 9.4 Creating Tables 9.5 Inserting data into tables 9.6 Retrieving information from tables 9.7 Modifying data in tables 9.8 Changing the structure of a table 9.9 Deleting rows from a table 9.10 Removing table from a database 9.11 Nested queries 9.12 Concept of views 10. Enterprise Resource Planning .......................................... 301 10.1 Overview of an enterprise 10.2 Concept of Enterprise Resource Planning 10.3 Functional units of ERP 10.4 Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) 10.5 Implementation of ERP 10.6 ERP solution providers/ERP packages 10.7 Benefits and risks of ERP 10.8 ERP and Related Technologies 11. Trends and Issues in ICT .................................................. 317 11.1 Mobile computing 11.2 Mobile communication 11.3 Mobile operating system 11.4 ICT in business 11.5 Information security kkkk Icons used in this textbook Let us do Know your progress Information box Let us practice Let us conclude Review of C++ 1 Programming he basic concepts of C++ language were Significant Learning Outcomes discussed in Class XI. A good After the completion of this chapter the Tunderstanding of these concepts is very learner essential to attain the significant learning outcomes envisaged in the following chapters. • uses input statements in programs This chapter is a quick tour to refresh the to enter data into the computer. concepts and skills you acquired in C++ • uses output statements in programs language in Class XI. Each concept will be to display various forms of output. presented with necessary details only. The most • applies various forms of if important aspects like selection statements and statements to make decisions while looping statements are explained with the help solving problems. of programs. Some advanced features like break • compares else if ladder and switch nested loops and the effect of and continue statement. statements in loops are also introduced in this chapter. • distinguishes different looping statements of C++. Since we use GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) with Geany IDE for developing C++ programs, • selects appropriate loop in we should be aware of the structure of programs for solving problems. program, format of specifying the header file, • uses the concept of nested loop in size of the data types, etc. problem solving and predicts the output. 1.1 Basics of C++ • identifies the effect of break and C++ being a programming language, we started continue statements in loops by by learning its character set followed by tokens, explaining their effect on the expressions and statements. We also discussed program flow. data types and their modifiers. While constructing expressions, we identified the need of data type conversions. Table 1.1 provides a brief idea of these elements. Computer Applications (Commerce) - XII An overview of C++ Character