Chapter 1360 Interchanges 1360.01 General Exhibit 1360-11 Deceleration Lane Length 1360.02 Interchange Design Exhibit 1360-12 Gore Area Characteristics 1360.03 Ramps Exhibit 1360-13 Gore Area Characteristics 1360.04 Interchange Connections Exhibit 1360-14 Length of Weaving Sections 1360.05 Ramp Terminal Intersections at Crossroads Exhibit 1360-15 On-Connection: Single-Lane, Tapered 1360.06 Interchanges on Two-Lane Highways Exhibit 1360-16 On-Connection: Single-Lane, Parallel 1360.07 Interchange Plans for Approval Exhibit 1360-17 On-Connection: Two-Lane, Parallel 1360.08 Documentation Exhibit 1360-18 On-Connection: Two-Lane, Tapered 1360.09 References Exhibit 1360-19 Off-Connection: Single-Lane, Tapered Exhibit 1360-20 Off-Connection: Single-Lane, Parallel Exhibit 1360-1 Basic Interchange Patterns Exhibit 1360-21 Off-Connection: Single-Lane, One-Lane Exhibit 1360-2 Interchange Spacing Reduction Exhibit 1360-3 Minimum Ramp Connection Spacing Exhibit 1360-22 Off-Connection: Two-Lane, Tapered Exhibit 1360-4 Ramp Design Speed Exhibit 1360-23 Off-Connection: Two-Lane, Parallel Exhibit 1360-5 Maximum Ramp Grade Exhibit 1360-24 Collector-Distributor: Outer Separations Exhibit 1360-6 Ramp Widths Exhibit 1360-25 Collector Distributor: Off-Connections Exhibit 1360-7 Lane Balance Exhibit 1360-26 Collector Distributor: On-Connections Exhibit 1360-8 Lane Balance Exhibit 1360-27 Loop Ramp Connections Exhibit 1360-9 Main Line Lane Reduction Alternatives Exhibit 1360-28 Temporary Ramps Exhibit 1360-10 Acceleration Lane Length Exhibit 1360-29 Interchange Plan 1360.01 General The primary purpose of an interchange is to reduce conflicts caused by vehicle crossings and minimize conflicting left-turn movements. Provide interchanges on all Interstate highways and freeways, and at other locations where traffic cannot be controlled efficiently by intersections at grade. For additional information, see the following: Chapter 520 Access control Chapter 530 Limited access Chapter 550 Access Revision Report Chapter 1103 Design controls Chapter 1106 Design element dimensions Chapter 1240 Turning widths Chapter 1250 Cross Slope and Superelevation Chapter 1310 Intersections Chapter 1410 HOV lanes Chapter 1420 HOV direct access connections WSDOT Design Manual M 22-01.20 Page 1360-1 September 2021 Chapter 1360 Interchanges 1360.02 Interchange Design 1360.02(1) General All freeway exits and entrances, except HOV direct access connections, are to connect on the right of through traffic. Variations from this will be considered only for special conditions. HOV direct access connections may be constructed on the left of through traffic when they are designed in accordance with Chapter 1420. Provide complete ramp facilities for all directions of travel wherever possible. However, give primary consideration to the basic traffic movement function that the interchange is to fulfill. Complications are rarely encountered in the design and location of rural interchanges that simply provide a means of exchanging traffic between a limited access freeway and a local crossroad. Carefully consider the economic and operational effects of locating traffic interchanges along a freeway through a community, particularly with respect to local access, to provide convenient local service without reducing the capacity of the major route(s). Where freeway-to-freeway interchanges are involved, do not provide ramps for local access unless they can be added conveniently and without detriment to efficient traffic flow or reduction of capacity, either ramp or freeway main line. When exchange of traffic between freeways is the basic function, and local access is prohibited by access control restrictions or traffic volume, separate interchanges for local service may be needed. 1360.02(2) Interchange Patterns Basic interchange patterns have been established that can be used under certain general conditions and modified or combined to apply to many more. Consider alternatives in the design of a specific facility; however, the conditions in the area and on the highway involved govern the final design of the interchange. Selection of the final design is based on a study of projected traffic volumes, site conditions, geometric controls, criteria for intersecting legs and turning roadways, driver expectancy, consistent ramp patterns, continuity, and cost. The patterns most frequently used for interchange design are those commonly described as directional, semi directional, cloverleaf, partial cloverleaf, diamond, and single point (urban) interchange (see Exhibit 1360-1). 1360.02(2)(a) Directional A directional interchange is the most effective design for connection of intersecting freeways. The directional pattern has the advantage of reduced travel distance, increased speed of operation, and higher capacity. These designs eliminate weaving and have a further advantage over cloverleaf designs in avoiding the loss of sense of direction drivers experience in traveling a loop. This type of interchange is costly to construct, commonly using a four-level structure. 1360.02(2)(b) Semi directional A semi directional interchange has ramps that loop around the intersection of the highways. This results in multiple single-level structures and more area than the directional interchange. WSDOT Design Manual M 22-01.20 Page 1360-2 September 2021 Chapter 1360 Interchanges 1360.02(2)(c) Cloverleaf The full cloverleaf interchange has four loop ramps for the left-turning traffic. Outer ramps provide for the right turns. A full cloverleaf is the minimum type interchange for a freeway-to-freeway interchange. Cloverleaf designs often incorporate a C-D road to minimize signing difficulties and remove weaving conflicts from the main roadway. The principal advantage of this design is the elimination of all left-turn conflicts with one single-level structure. Because all movements are merging movements, it is adaptable to any grade line arrangement. The cloverleaf has some major disadvantages. The left-turn movement has a circuitous route on the loop ramp, the speeds are low on the loop ramp, and there are weaving conflicts between the loop ramps. The cloverleaf also needs a large area. The weaving and the radius of the loop ramps are a capacity constraint on the left-turn movements. 1360.02(2)(d) Partial Cloverleaf A partial cloverleaf (PARCLO) has loop ramps in one, two, or three quadrants that are used to eliminate the major left-turn conflicts. These loops may also serve right turns for interchanges where ramp cannot be built in one or two quadrants. Outer ramps are provided for the remaining turns. Design the grades to provide sight distance between vehicles approaching these ramps. 1360.02(2)(e) Diamond A diamond interchange has four ramps that are essentially parallel to the major arterial. Each ramp provides for one right-turn and one left-turn movement. Because left turns are made at grade across conflicting traffic on the crossroad, intersection sight distance is a primary consideration. The diamond design is the most generally applicable and serviceable interchange configuration and usually has a smaller footprint than any other type. Consider this design first unless another design is clearly dictated by traffic, topography, or special conditions. 1360.02(2)(f) Single Point Urban A single point urban interchange (SPUI) is a modified diamond with all of its ramp terminals on the crossroad combined into one signalized at-grade intersection. This single intersection accommodates all interchange and through movements. A single point urban interchange can improve the traffic operation on the crossroad with less right of way than a typical diamond interchange, but a larger structure. WSDOT Design Manual M 22-01.20 Page 1360-3 September 2021 Chapter 1360 Interchanges Exhibit 1360-1 Basic Interchange Patterns Directional Semidirectional Cloverleaf With C-D Roads Diamond Single Point Urban Partial Cloverleaf Interchange (SPUI) WSDOT Design Manual M 22-01.20 Page 1360-4 September 2021 Chapter 1360 Interchanges 1360.02(3) Spacing To avoid excessive interruption of main line traffic, consider each proposed facility in conjunction with adjacent interchanges, intersections, and other points of access along the route as a whole. The minimum spacing between adjacent interchanges is 1 mile in urban areas, 3 miles on the Interstate in rural areas, and 2 miles on non-Interstate in rural areas (see Exhibit 1360-2). In urban areas, spacing less than 1 mile may be used with C-D roads or grade-separated (braided) ramps. Interchange spacing is measured along the freeway centerline between the centerlines of the crossroads. The spacing between interchanges may also be dependent on the spacing between ramp connections. The minimum spacing between the gore noses of adjacent ramps is given in Exhibit 1360-3. Exhibit 1360-2 Interchange Spacing Ramp connection spacing[1] Interchange spacing: 1 mi min Urban 2 mi min Rural[2] Gore nose Notes: [1] As a minimum, provide length for weaving and signing, but not less than given in Exhibit 1360-3. [2] 3 miles on the Interstate System. Consider either frontage roads or C-D roads to facilitate the operation of near-capacity volumes between closely spaced interchanges or ramp terminals. C-D roads may be needed where cloverleaf loop ramps are involved or where a series of interchange ramps have overlapping speed change lanes. Base the distance between successive ramp terminals on capacity. Check the intervening sections by weaving analyses to determine whether capacity, sight distance, and effective