NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT SECTION 7 BIOLOGICAL OPINION Title: Biological Opinion on U.S. Navy Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing and the National Marine Fisheries Service's Promulgation of Regulations Pursuant to the Marine Mammal Protection Act for the Navy to "Take" Marine Mammals Incidental to Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Consultation Conducted By: Endangered Species Act Interagency Cooperation Division, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce Action Agency: United States Department of the Navy Permits and Conservation Division, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce Publisher: Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic, and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce Approved: Donna S. Wieting Director, Office of Protected Resom: s DEC 1 0 2018 Date: Consultation Tracking number: FPR-2018-9275 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Biological Opinion on Navy Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Activities PCTS # FPR-2018-9275 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 17 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 18 1.2 Consultation History ...................................................................................................... 20 2 The Assessment Framework .............................................................................................. 22 2.1 Evidence Available for this Consultation ....................................................................... 25 2.2 The Navy’s Acoustic Effects Analysis for Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles ............. 26 2.2.1 Criteria and Thresholds to Predict Impacts to Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles 27 2.2.2 Density Estimates – Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles ......................................... 44 2.2.3 Navy Acoustic Effects Model................................................................................. 45 2.3 Criteria and Thresholds to Predict Impacts to Fishes ..................................................... 47 2.3.1 Air Guns and Pile Driving – Fishes ........................................................................ 48 2.3.2 Sonar – Fishes......................................................................................................... 51 2.3.3 Explosives – Fishes................................................................................................. 52 3 Description of the Proposed Action ................................................................................... 53 3.1 Location.......................................................................................................................... 56 3.1.1 Hawaii Range Complex .......................................................................................... 57 3.1.2 Southern California Portion of the Action Area ..................................................... 63 3.1.3 Transit Corridor ...................................................................................................... 70 3.1.4 Pierside Locations and San Diego Bay................................................................... 70 3.2 Primary Mission Areas ................................................................................................... 70 3.2.1 Air Warfare ............................................................................................................. 71 3.2.2 Amphibious Warfare ............................................................................................... 71 3.2.3 Anti-Submarine Warfare ......................................................................................... 72 3.2.4 Electronic Warfare.................................................................................................. 73 3.2.5 Expeditionary Warfare ............................................................................................ 73 3.2.6 Mine Warfare .......................................................................................................... 73 3.2.7 Surface Warfare ...................................................................................................... 74 3.3 Proposed Training and Testing Activities ...................................................................... 75 3.3.1 Training Activities .................................................................................................. 75 3.3.2 Testing Activities.................................................................................................... 85 3.4 Standard Operating Procedures and Mitigation Measures ............................................. 96 3.4.1 Standard Operating Procedures............................................................................... 96 3.4.2 Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................... 98 4 Action Area........................................................................................................................ 139 5 Interrelated and Interdependent Actions ....................................................................... 140 i Biological Opinion on Navy Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Activities PCTS # FPR-2018-9275 6 Potential Stressors............................................................................................................. 140 6.1 Acoustic Stressors ........................................................................................................ 140 6.1.1 Vessel Noise.......................................................................................................... 140 6.1.2 Aircraft Noise........................................................................................................ 142 6.1.3 Sonar and other Transducers................................................................................. 145 6.1.4 Noise from Weapons ............................................................................................. 153 6.1.5 Air Guns................................................................................................................ 155 6.1.6 Pile Driving........................................................................................................... 156 6.2 Explosive Stressors ...................................................................................................... 158 6.2.1 Explosions in Water .............................................................................................. 158 6.2.2 Explosions in Air .................................................................................................. 160 6.3 Energy Stressors........................................................................................................... 160 6.3.1 In-Water Electromagnetic Devices ....................................................................... 160 6.3.2 In-Air Electromagnetic Devices ........................................................................... 161 6.3.3 Lasers .................................................................................................................... 162 6.4 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ................................................................... 162 6.4.1 Vessels .................................................................................................................. 162 6.4.2 In-Water Devices .................................................................................................. 164 6.4.3 Military Expended Materials ................................................................................ 165 6.4.4 Seafloor Devices ................................................................................................... 165 6.5 Entanglement Stressors ................................................................................................ 165 6.5.1 Wires and Cables .................................................................................................. 166 6.5.2 Decelerators and Parachutes ................................................................................. 167 6.5.3 Biodegradable Polymer ......................................................................................... 168 6.6 Ingestion Stressors........................................................................................................ 168 6.6.1 Non-Explosive Practice Munitions ....................................................................... 169 6.6.2 Fragments from High Explosive Munitions ......................................................... 169 6.6.3 Target Related Materials....................................................................................... 169 6.6.4 Chaff ..................................................................................................................... 169 6.6.5 Flares..................................................................................................................... 170 6.7 Potential Effects on Endangered Species Act (ESA) Protected Resources ................. 170 7 Species and Designated Critical Habitat that May be Affected ..................................