Pandanus Online Publications, found at the Pandanus Books web site, presents additional material relating to this book. www.pandanusbooks.com.au Bougainville before the conflict Men at Kieta in government hats listening in 1956 to a petition to be sent to the United Nations. [Australian Information Service. National Library of Australia Pictorial Archives] Bougainville before the conflict EDITED BY ANTHONY J REGAN AND HELGA M GRIFFIN PANDANUS BOOKS Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Cover image: Village in the Mountains (unidentified) taken in 1908. Style matches Koromira sleeping houses on piles on the left as recorded by Frizzi in 1911. [Thurnwald 1912, Volume 1: Tableau VII, Figure 126] Front page: Where 161 years before their warriors protested against Louis de Bougainville’s intrusion, in 1929 Bukas in Traditional muns (special canoes) jubilantly welcome the Catholic Bishop-elect, Thomas Wade. [McHardy, 1935: opposite p. 46] Front fly: A family Scene under a Nasioi House [Frizzi 1914: Figure 17, p. 24] Back fly: Boy initiates in 1911 with their characteristic Upe head cover. [Frizzi 1914: Figure 18, p. 18] © Anthony J Regan and Helga M Griffin 2005 This book is copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne convention. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Typeset in Garamond 10.75pt on 13pt and printed by Pirion, Canberra National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Bougainville before the conflict. Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 1 74076 138 3. 1. Bougainville Island (Papua New Guinea) — History. 2. Bougainville Island (Papua New Guinea) — Politics and government. 3. Bougainville Island (Papua New Guinea) — Social conditions. I. Regan, A. J. (Anthony J.). II. Griffin, Helga, 1935– . 995.92 Editorial inquiries please contact Pandanus Books on 02 6125 3269 www.pandanusbooks.com.au Bougainville before the conflict was published in association with the State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project which is supported by The Australian National University and the Commonwealth of Australia. Published by Pandanus Books, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Pandanus Books are distributed by UNIREPS, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052 Telephone 02 9664 0999 Fax 02 9664 5420 Production: Ian Templeman, Justine Molony and Emily Brissenden Buin people demonstrating panpipes 1908. [Thurnwald, R., 1912: Tableau XIII, Figure 150] x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS number of individuals and organisations provided practical assistance, advice, Asupport or encouragement that contributed to the preparation and publica- tion of this book. We thank them for their contributions. The genesis of this book was in a conference on the theme ‘Bougainville — Change and Identities, Division and Integration’, from 10 to 12 August 2000, organised by the State, Society and Governance in Melanesia (SSGM) Project in the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS) at The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia. The Convenor of the SSGM Project, David Hegarty, and its then Executive Officer, Monica Wehner, both played invaluable roles in organization of the conference. Successors in the role of SSGM Executive Officer, Jeannette Regan and Sue Rider, assisted with organi- sation of transcriptions of some taped sessions of the conference, and provided efficient liaison with authors in various parts of the globe. Jean Bourke assisted with the transcription of some presentations and discussions. All the maps in this book were drawn and edited by Kay Dancey, Cartographic Coordinator of Geospatial and Cartographic Services of RSPAS, ANU, and we are grateful for her efficient and professional support. Staff of the Map Room at the National Library of Australia copied two maps in our possession for Kay’s reference. There were few unpublished original pictures with historical relevance on Bougainville in the archives that we searched in Sydney and Canberra, and so we have instead included some previously published pictures. Staff of the Pictorial Unit of the Australian National Library copied pictures from its archives, including images from the Australian newspaper. Darren Boyd of the RSPAS’s Photography Unit copied photos of historic interest from the following publica- tions: Richard Thurnwald’s [1912] Volumes on Buin; Ernst Frizzi’s [1914] essay on central Bougainville and Buin; Emmet McHardy’s [1935] publication; and the pamphlet [1994] edited by Theo Aerts (kindly loaned by Hugh Laracy of xi Auckland). Glenn Summerhayes kindly shared with us his fieldwork photos of Lapita pottery shards from the Feni Islands north-west of Buka. Mary Gosling and other staff from the Petherick Room in the National Library of Australia assisted us in tracing rare books and unusual references. Financial support for the holding of the 2000 Conference and for editorial and associated costs was provided by the SSGM Project and the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). Some funds needed to make the book available at a reasonable cost and to a wider audience in Bougainville were provided by Riotinto Minerals (PNG) Ltd. We are grateful to those who either read and commented on the whole manu- script or advised us on particular chapters or on some details of fact: Raymond Apthorpe, David Hegarty, Herbert Girschik, James Griffin, Roselyne Kenneth, Hugh Laracy, Ron May, Douglas Oliver, Simon Pentanu, Mel Togolo, Marcelline Tunim and Mary Walta. Special thanks goes to staff of Pandanus Books — to Ian Templeman, Justine Molony and Emily Brissenden. Their cheerful tolerance, energetic professionalism and calm support helped to see through a complex undertaking that depended on the collaboration of participants in different countries. We are especially grateful to the authors of the chapters in this book who participated without remuneration and who continued to believe in the value of this project in spite of the considerable time taken to reach publication, as well as obstacles related to geographic remoteness and their own commitments. We thank Mary Walta for helping us compile the Glossary and for careful reading of the page proofs and James Griffin for assistance with the index. AJR and HMG ‘Australia’s Shame’. Rorovana woman with survey peg being tackled by police in early August 1969. Mel Togolo has identified the male villager behind her as being Mele, a clan leader from Rorovana 2. [Sydney Sun, 6 August 1969]. Contents Acknowledgments x List of Illustrations and Maps xvi A Note for Readers xviii Introduction xxvii The Place and the People Bougainville’s Early History: An Archaeological Perspective 1 Matthew Spriggs The Geology of Bougainville 20 Hugh L. Davies The Languages of Bougainville 31 Darell Tryon An Introduction to Bougainville Cultures 47 Eugene Ogan Why do the People of Bougainville Look Unique? Some Conclusions 57 from Biological Anthropology and Genetics Jonathan Friedlaender The Colonial Period to World War II Origins of Bougainville’s Boundaries 72 James Griffin German Colonial Rule in the Northern Solomons 77 Peter Sack The Pacification of Southern Bougainville, 1900–30 108 Hugh Laracy ‘Imperium in Imperio’ ? The Catholic Church in Bougainville 125 Hugh Laracy 1914: Changing the Guard at Kieta 136 Hugh Laracy Between the Waitman’s Wars: 1914–42 141 Peter Elder Bougainville in World War II 168 Hank Nelson xiv Seminarians from Papua New Guinea and Bougainville, 1964 [Aerts, 1994. By courtesy of Hugh Laracy, Auckland] Sources on Pre-mining Bougainville 199 Helga M. Griffin Economic and Social Change Post-World War II Post-War Reconstruction in Bougainville: Plantations, 224 Smallholders and Indigenous Capital Scott MacWilliam Post-1960s Cocoa and Copra Production in Bougainville 239 Joachim Lumanni The Panguna Mine 258 Don Vernon Torau Response to Change 274 Melchior Togolo Movements Towards Secession 1964–76 291 James Griffin Shaping Leadership through Bougainville Indigenous Values and 300 Catholic Seminary Training — a Personal Journey John Lawrence Momis The Bougainville Catholic Church and ‘Indigenisation’ 317 Elizabeth Ibua Momis Persepectives on Particular Bougainville Societies Buin Social Structure 332 Jared Keil xv Boy in Upe hat carried aloft by elder during ceremony for the signing of the Bougainville Peace Agreement in Arawa, 30/08/2001. [Papua New Guinea Post Courier Pictorial Archives 31/08/2001. Photograph by Gorethy Kenneth] We are Born Chiefs: Chiefly Identity and Power in Haku, Buka Island 346 Bill Sagir Land for Agriculture — Silent Women: Mens’ Voices 374 Roselyne Kenneth Snapshots from Nasioi, 1963–2000 388 Eugene Ogan Nagovisi Then and Now, 1963–2000 400 Jill Nash Vignettes of Mogoroi Village, Buin, 1971–2004 410 Jared Keil Towards Understanding the Origins of the Conflict Identities Among Bougainvilleans 418 Anthony J. Regan Nagovisi Villages as a Window on Bougainville in 1988 447 James Tanis Historical Chronology 475 Acronyms and Abbreviations 487 Glossary of Non-English Words and Phrases 491 Bibliography 498 The Authors 546 Index 551 xvi List of Illustrations, maps and figures Village in the Mountains Cover image A family scene under a Nasioi House Front fly Bukas in Traditional muns Front page ‘Australia’s Shame’. xii Bougainvillean seminarians. xiv Boy in Upe hat xv Women dancing with fans xviii