humanities Article Echoes of the Heart: Henry James’s Evocation of Edgar Allan Poe in “The Aspern Papers” Leonardo Buonomo Department of Humanities, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy; [email protected] Abstract: This essay re-examines Henry James’s complex relationship with Edgar Allan Poe by focusing on the echoes of one of Poe’s most celebrated tales, “The Tell-Tale Heart” (1843), that later reverberate in James’s “The Aspern Papers” (1888). It highlights the similarities, both in mindset and behavior, between the two stories’ devious and deranged first-person narrators, whose actions result in the death of a fellow human being. It further discusses the narrators’ fear and refusal of their own mortality, which finds expression in their hostility, and barely contained revulsion against a man (in “The Tell-Tale Heart”) and a woman (in “The Aspern Papers”), whose principal defining traits are old age and physical decay. Keywords: Henry James; Edgar Allan Poe; “The Aspern Papers”; “The Tell-Tale Heart”; narrative voice; old age; violation of privacy; visual scrutiny Revisiting his childhood in A Small Boy and Others (1913), Henry James paid belated homage to Edgar Allan Poe, an author he had contemptuously dismissed many years earlier, at the outset of his literary career. As is well known, in his 1876 essay on Charles Baudelaire, an admirer and translator of Poe, the young Henry James had killed two birds with one stone, so to speak, by stating that “[an] enthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive stage of reflection” (James 1904, p. 60). Ironically, the very harshness Citation: Buonomo, Leonardo. 2021. of James’s early criticism (another example is his notorious pan of Walt Whitman’s Drum- Echoes of the Heart: Henry James’s Taps), aligns him with Poe, himself often a brutal reviewer. Moreover, only three years after Evocation of Edgar Allan Poe in “The the appearance of the Baudelaire essay, James had specifically acknowledged Poe’s critical Humanities Aspern Papers”. 10: 55. insight, however frequently marred, in his view, by pedantry or vulgar animosity, in his https://doi.org/10.3390/h10010055 book-length study Hawthorne (1879). Calling him “a man of genius”, whose “intelligence was frequently great”, James had singled out for praise Poe’s early perceptive assessment Received: 7 January 2021 of Hawthorne’s worth and had concurred in his reservations about Hawthorne’s fond- Accepted: 15 March 2021 Published: 19 March 2021 ness for allegory (James 1956, pp. 50–51). As Adeline Tintner(1976), among others, has demonstrated, James occasionally borrowed from Poe, most conspicuously perhaps in 1 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral the novella “Glasses” (1896), based at least in part on Poe’s tale “The Spectacles” (1844). with regard to jurisdictional claims in And in what was, arguably, the crowning achievement of his career as a novelist—The published maps and institutional affil- Golden Bowl (1904)—James attributed an appreciation of Poe (specifically, of The Narrative of iations. Arthur Gordon Pym, 1838) to the finely tuned and highly sophisticated sensitivity of Prince Amerigo.2 In A Small Boy, from the perspective of old age, James recalled with genuine fondness and deeply-felt gratitude the sheer delight he had experienced as a child while reading—or listening to his brother William’s reading of—Poe’s tales and poems, savoring the sound Copyright: © 2021 by the author. A Small Boy Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. of every word. Indeed, as evoked in , the presence of Poe in Henry’s life was This article is an open access article more pervasive, and more intensely felt, than that of some authors he had actually met distributed under the terms and in the flesh. An “enthusiasm for Poe” had been passed from brother to brother, soon conditions of the Creative Commons becoming a bond between them, based on a shared aesthetic, emotional, and performative Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// experience, with the siblings taking turns mounting on “little platforms” to declaim such creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Poe classics as “The Raven” and “Annabel Lee” (James 2016, p. 40). In a sense, the brothers 4.0/). had played at being Poe, trying to conjure up in their own voices the auditory quality Poe Humanities 2021, 10, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/h10010055 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/humanities Humanities 2021, 10, 55 2 of 12 had so memorably captured in his writing. Like so many of Poe’s male heroes, Henry and William had been haunted, as it were: “he lay upon our tables and resounded in our mouths, while we communed to satiety, even for boyish appetites, over the thrill of his choicest pages” (James 2016, p. 40). Thinking back on those days, Henry James could only mention, almost incredulously, “the legend of the native neglect” (James 2016, p. 40) of Poe, if the James household and its circle were any measures of Poe’s popularity in the United States. In effect, in this section of his autobiography, James simultaneously acknowledged Poe as a powerful influence on his developing imagination and reclaimed him as a national treasure. Poe’s influence can indeed be felt in several of James’s stories and novels, as well as in his theories of fiction. A great deal has been written on the intertextual dialogue between Poe and James over the years, but not, specifically, on the links between the two stories—Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” and James’s “The Aspen Papers”—whose similarities in tone and themes I will discuss in this article. In order to situate my reading, I begin by offering an overview of critical opinions on the relationship between Poe and James over several decades. Numerous claims have been made over the years, sometimes positing direct lines of influence between Poe and James, sometimes pointing to correspondences or proximities in subject matter, characterization, setting, or conception between their works. Allen Tate noted that Poe’s “insistence upon unity of effect, from first word to last, in the famous review of Hawthorne’s Twice-Told Tales” anticipated “the high claims of James in his essay The Art of Fiction”(Tate 1950, p. 1). Robert Regan called attention to the atmospheric resemblance between James’s ghost stories, such as “The Turn of the Screw” and “The Jolly Corner”, and Poe’s tales of terror, and argued that in James’s works, “just as in ‘William Wilson’ and ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’, we confront ghostly figures who are the objectified, projected compulsions of the ‘real’ characters” (Regan 1967, p. 9). Joel Salzberg found a Gothic kinship between the male protagonists of Poe’s “Ligeia” and James’s “The Beast in the Jungle” (Salzberg 1972, pp. 108–14). Burton Pollin, in what is still one of the most comprehensive studies of the Poe–James relationship, identified allusions to “The Raven”, “The Masque of the Red Death”, and the poem “The Haunted Palace” in The Sacred Fount (1901), as well as a resemblance between the mentally unstable narrator of that novel and his counterpart in “The Fall of the House of Usher”. Pollin argued that these traces and, even more significantly, the reference to Poe in The Golden Bowl (originally called “Mystification”, like one of Poe’s tales), were evidence of James’s re-reading and re-evaluation of the author he had so publicly dismissed many years earlier. Indeed, according to Pollin, the very words James finally chose as the definitive title of the novel, and its central symbol, may have been suggested to him by “Lenore”, one of the poems by Poe that, as evidenced by his fond recollection in A Small Boy and Others, he had never forgotten. Finally, Pollin contended that Poe’s treatment of the double motif in “William Wilson” was one of the sources of inspiration for James’s “The Jolly Corner” (Pollin 1973, pp. 234–37, 241–42). In 1980, Elsa Nettels(1980) highlighted the points of contact between Poe’s and James’s (1909) theory of fiction, as did Agostino Lombardo(1990) ten years later. Christopher Brown focused on “The Masque of the Red Death” as a possible source for The Portrait of a Lady, noting how both Prince Prospero’s castellated abbey and Osmond’s Palazzo Roccanera, equally shaped by the taste and personality of their masters, turn out to be spaces of confinement and, ultimately, entombment (Brown 1981, p. 7). Howard Kerr, expanding on brief suggestions previously made by Cornelia P. Kelley and Leon Edel, made a case 1 On the similarities between “Glasses” and “The Spectacles”, see also Donatella Izzo’s Portraying the Lady (Izzo 2001, pp. 123–24) and my own “A Woman’s Face” (Buonomo 2003, pp. 51–52). In addition to “The Spectacles”, Izzo mentions Poe’s tale “The Sphinx” as a possible source for “Glasses” (Izzo 2001, p. 243). I believe Poe’s “The Oval Portrait” may have been another influence (Buonomo 2003, p. 52). 2 Admittedly, only a few years later, in the preface to The Altar of the Dead (volume 17 of the New York Edition, 1909), James described the climax of Arthur Gordon Pym as a failure (James 1934, pp. 256–57), but his critique is nonetheless evidence of the continuing presence of Poe as a term of comparison in his reflections about the art of writing. That presence is all the more remarkable if one considers the neglect into which Poe had fallen in the United States at the time. Humanities 2021, 10, 55 3 of 12 for the influence of “The Fall of the House of Usher” on James’s “The Ghostly Rental” (Kerr 1983, pp.