POLYCE Metropolisation and Polycentric Development in Central Europe Targeted Analysis 2013/2/12 Scientific Interim Report | Updated Version 22 December 2011 ESPON 2013 1 This report presents the interim results of a Targeted Analysis conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2013 Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The partnership behind the ESPON Programme consists of the EU Commission and the Member States of the EU27, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Each partner is represented in the ESPON Monitoring Committee. This report does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the Monitoring Committee. Information on the ESPON Programme and projects can be found on www.espon.eu The web site provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent documents produced by finalised and ongoing ESPON projects. This basic report exists only in an electronic version. © ESPON & The Transnational Project Group as indicated in the List of Authors, 2011. Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorised provided the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON Coordination Unit in Luxembourg. ESPON 2013 2 List of authors Lead Partner: Vienna University of Technology (VUT), Centre of Regional Science Rudolf Giffinger, Johannes Suitner, Justin Kadi, Hans Kramar, Christina Simon University of Ljubljana (LJU), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy Natasa Pichler-Milanovic, Alma Zavodnik-Lamousek, Samo Drobne, Miha Konjar Slovak University of Technology (STUBA), Bratislava Maros Finka, Matej Jasso, Zuzana Ladzianska University of Szeged (SZ) Zoltan Kovacs, Tünde Szabo, Lajos Boros, Szabolcs Fabula, Agi Papp Czech Technical University in Prague (CVUT), Faculty of Architecture Karel Maier, Marketa Hugova Charles University in Prague (CUNI), Faculty of Science Ludek Sykora, Ondrej Mulicek, Peter Kucera CEPS/INSTEAD - Centre for Populations, Poverty and Public Policy Studies (CEPS), Luxembourg Christophe Sohn, Sabine Dörry Politecnico di Milano (PM) Roberto Camagni, Andrea Caragliu, Ugo Fratesi 3 List of stakeholder cities and institutions City of Vienna (Lead Stakeholder) Department of Urban Development and Planning City of Bratislava Department for Spatial Systems Coordination City of Ljubljana Department of Spatial Planning City of Prague City Development Authority City of Budapest Studio Metropolitana, Nonprofit Ltd. 4 Table of contents 1. LIST OF ABBREVIATONS ............................................................................................................ 6 2. FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ 8 2.1. FIGURES................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.2. TABLES .................................................................................................................................................. 8 3. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 9 4. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 9 5. CONCEPTUALIZATION .............................................................................................................. 10 5.1. BASIC UNDERSTANDING: METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT BASED ON SPECIFIC POTENTIALS AND ASSETS ........... 10 5.2. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING METROPOLISATION, URBAN SIZE, POLYCENTRICITY AND GOVERNANCE ......... 15 5.3. POLICY RELEVANCE .............................................................................................................................. 18 5.4. METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ............................................................................................................ 22 6. POLYCENTRICITY ....................................................................................................................... 25 6.1. DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ....................................................................................... 25 6.2. MORPHOLOGICAL AND RELATIONAL POLYCENTRICITY WITHIN THE FIVE METROPOLISES .................................. 32 6.3. RELATIONAL POLYCENTRICITY WITHIN THE CED-ZONE AND ITS POSITION WITHIN EUROPE ............................ 36 7. METROPOLISATION, POLYCENTRICITY AND URBAN SIZE ................................................. 50 7.1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 50 7.2. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 51 7.3. THE MODEL ........................................................................................................................................... 54 7.4. THE DATA SET ....................................................................................................................................... 57 7.5. EMPIRICAL RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 59 7.6. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 62 8. POSITIONING OF EUROPEAN METROPOLISES: URBAN PROFILES ................................... 63 8.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................... 63 8.2. BENCHMARKING AS A STRATEGIC TOOL STEERING METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT ......................................... 63 8.3. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 64 8.4. DATA SOURCES AND INDICATORS FORMATION .......................................................................................... 67 8.5. FACTORS AND INDICATORS DESCRIBING KEY DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS (POLICY RELEVANT AREAS) ..... 71 8.6. ASSESSMENT OF THE PRELIMINARY SELECTIONS OF FACTORS AND INDICATORS AND DATA COLLECTION FOR 69 MEGA AND 5 POLYCE METROPOLITAN PROFILES ................................................................................................. 74 9. PERCEPTIONS, ASSESSMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES ......................................................... 76 9.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................... 76 9.2. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 77 9.3. RESULTS FROM STAKEHOLDER SURVEY ................................................................................................... 88 10. LITERATURE ......................................................................................................................... 123 11. APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 129 11.1. APPENDIX 1: POSSIBLE SPATIAL CONCEPTS ............................................................................................ 129 11.2. APPENDIX 2: CONCEPTUAL REVIEW OF “INCLUSIVE GROWTH“ .................................................................. 134 11.3. APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................................................................... 139 11.4. APPENDIX 4: ZIPF REGRESSION FUNCTION ............................................................................................. 151 11.5. APPENDIX 5 ........................................................................................................................................ 165 11.6. APPENDIX 6: FACTORS AND INDICATORS ................................................................................................ 174 11.7. APPENDIX 7: VARIABLES FOR POLYCE CITIES OVER TIME ....................................................................... 178 5 1. List of Abbreviatons ATTREG Attractiveness of European Regions and Cities for Residents and Visitors (ESPON Project 2012) CAEE The Case for Agglomeration Economies in Europe (ESPON Project 2010) CEC Central and Eastern European Countries CC Core City; administrative area of a city CED-zone Central European – Danube global integration zone CLIMATE Climate Change and Territorial Effects on Regions and Local Economies (ESPON Project 2011) CORDIS Community Research and Development Information Service DEMIFER Demographic and migratory flows affecting European regions and cities (ESPON Project 2010) EFP EU Research Framework Programme EFTA European Free Trade Association ESDP European Spatial Development Perspective ESPON European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion EUROSTAT Detailed statistics on the RU and candidate countries FIRE firm networks Finance Insurance and Real Estate FMA Functional Metropolitan Area FOCI Future Orientation for Cities (ESPON Project 2010) FUA Functional Urban Area; spatial delimitation for urban agglomerations in Europe as identified in ESPON 1.1.1 (ESPON Project 2005) FUR Functional Urban Region GaWC Global and World City Research Network ICT Information and communication