PASSERINE ASSESSMENT Final Draft 11 September 1998 MAINE DEPARTMENT OF INLAND FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE WILDLIFE DIVISION WILDLIFE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SECTION Thomas P. Hodgman 1 Passerine Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE ...............................................................................7 FOREST BIRDS SCOPE ....................................................................................................................9 NATURAL HISTORY .............................................................................................10 General Description..........................................................................................10 Distribution and Migration.................................................................................10 Survival and Reproduction ...............................................................................12 Foods and Foraging Strategies ........................................................................14 HABITAT ASSESSMENT - DECIDUOUS FOREST AFFILIATES .........................16 Habitat Use.......................................................................................................16 Past Habitat......................................................................................................16 Current Habitat .................................................................................................18 Habitat Projection .............................................................................................19 HABITAT ASSESSMENT - CONIFEROUS FOREST AFFILIATES.......................22 Habitat Use.......................................................................................................22 Past Habitat......................................................................................................22 Current Habitat .................................................................................................25 Habitat Projection .............................................................................................26 POPULATION ASSESSMENT - DECIDUOUS FOREST AFFILIATES .................29 Past Populations...............................................................................................29 Current Populations..........................................................................................30 Population Projections......................................................................................32 POPULATION ASSESSMENT - CONIFEROUS FOREST AFFILIATES...............35 Past Populations...............................................................................................35 Current Populations..........................................................................................37 Population Projections......................................................................................39 SCRUB-SHRUBLAND BIRDS SCOPE ..................................................................................................................59 NATURAL HISTORY .............................................................................................60 General Description..........................................................................................60 Distribution and Migration.................................................................................60 Survival and Reproduction ...............................................................................61 Foods and Foraging Strategies ........................................................................63 HABITAT ASSESSMENT - UPLAND AFFILIATES................................................65 Habitat Use.......................................................................................................65 Past Habitat......................................................................................................65 Current Habitat .................................................................................................66 Habitat Projection .............................................................................................67 HABITAT ASSESSMENT - UPLAND OR WETLAND AFFILIATES.......................69 2 PASSERINE ASSESSMENT Habitat Use.......................................................................................................69 Past Habitat......................................................................................................69 Current Habitat .................................................................................................70 Habitat Projection .............................................................................................70 POPULATION ASSESSMENT - UPLAND AFFILIATES........................................72 Past Populations...............................................................................................72 Current Populations..........................................................................................73 Population Projections......................................................................................74 POPULATION ASSESSMENT - UPLAND OR WETLAND AFFILIATES...............77 Past Populations...............................................................................................77 Current Populations..........................................................................................78 Population Projections......................................................................................79 WETLAND BIRDS SCOPE ..................................................................................................................90 NATURAL HISTORY .............................................................................................91 General Description..........................................................................................91 Distribution and Migration.................................................................................91 Survival and Reproduction ...............................................................................93 Foods and Foraging Strategies ........................................................................95 HABITAT ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................96 Habitat Use.......................................................................................................96 Past Habitat......................................................................................................97 Current Habitat .................................................................................................99 Habitat Projection ...........................................................................................100 POPULATION ASSESSMENT ............................................................................102 Past Populations.............................................................................................102 Current Populations........................................................................................103 Population Projections....................................................................................104 GRASSLAND BIRDS SCOPE ................................................................................................................110 NATURAL HISTORY ...........................................................................................111 General Description........................................................................................111 Distribution and Migration...............................................................................111 Survival and Reproduction .............................................................................113 Foods and Foraging Strategies ......................................................................114 HABITAT ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................116 Habitat Use.....................................................................................................116 Past Habitat....................................................................................................116 Current Habitat ...............................................................................................118 Habitat Projection ...........................................................................................119 POPULATION ASSESSMENT ............................................................................121 Past Populations.............................................................................................121 Current Populations........................................................................................122 Population Projections....................................................................................123 3 PASSERINE ASSESSMENT SWALLOWS SCOPE ................................................................................................................128 NATURAL HISTORY ...........................................................................................129 General Description........................................................................................129 Distribution and Migration...............................................................................129 Survival and Reproduction .............................................................................130 Foods and Foraging Strategies ......................................................................131