I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS CERNCOURIER WELCOME V OLUME 5 3 N UMBER 7 S EPTEMBER 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the September 2013 issue of CERN Courier. From the first 3.5 TeV collisions in March 2010 to the start of the first long shutdown earlier this year, the LHC has gone through three years of improving performance. This issue takes a look behind the scenes at what underpinned the successful operation of the LHC during this first long run. A reliable cryogenics system and robust, sophisticated systems to prevent uncontrolled losses of the huge energies stored in both the beam and the magnets have allowed the machine to deliver plenty of collisions, leading to the long-awaited discovery of a Higgs boson. Meanwhile, results continue to pour from the LHC experiments, including the observation of an extremely rare decay in B mesons by CMS and LHCb – news that was among the highlights of the recent summer conferences. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/sign-up. To subscribe to the magazine, the e-mail new-issue alert, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/how-to-subscribe. Behind the scenes at the LHC ANNIVERSARY MAGNETS DETECTOR The discovery of Success for neutral currents US high-fi eld DEVELOPMENT EDITOR: CHRISTINE SUTTON, CERN 40 years ago quadrupole A look at the DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p53 p5 AIDA project p49 CERNCOURIER www. V OLUME 5 3 N UMBER 7 S EPTEMBER 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier September 2013 A PASSION FOR PERFECTION Contents Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN CERNCOURIER management. Editor Christine Sutton V OLUME 5 3 N UMBER 7 S EPTEMBER 2 0 1 3 News editor Kate Kahle CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 5 N EWS Web cerncourier.com • US high-fi eld quadrupole magnet passes test• ALICE goes to Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger Stockholm and Birmingham • EPS-HEP2013 delights in good Laboratory correspondents: times for physics T2K observes νμ→ν defi nitively GERDA Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos • e • Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin sets new limits on neutrinoless double beta decay Charmless Cornell University (US) D G Cassel • DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck baryonic B decays Surprising studies in multiplicity EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini • Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz 13 S CIENCEWATCH Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu 14 A STROWATCH IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen 16 A RCHIVE JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Nobukazu Toge Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein EATURES Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta F NCSL (US) Ken Kingery 19 Strangely beautiful dimuons Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman A key observation at the LHC marks a major milestone in Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle a 30-year long journey. Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem Behind the scenes at the LHC: A look at some of the main aspects TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan of the LHC’s operation and improving performance. Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd 25 2010–2013: the LHC’s fi rst long run IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK 29 The challenge of keeping cool Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 33 Safeguarding the superconducting magnets Publisher Susan Curtis 37 The collimation system: defence against beam loss Production editor Jesse Karjalainen, Lisa Gibson Technical illustrator Alison Tovey 40 Steve Myers and the LHC: an unexpected journey Group advertising manager Chris Thomas 45 Machine protection: the key to safe operation Advertisement production Katie Graham Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen 49 AIDA boosts detector development Art director Andrew Giaquinto An EU project is enabling detector solutions for upgraded and Advertising future accelerators. Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 53 Neutral currents: A perfect experimental discovery General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Luciano Maiani refl ects on the impact of the observation on the E-mail: [email protected] occasion of the 40th anniversary. Vacuum solutions In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: China Keqing Ma, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] 57 F ACES &P LACES Germany Veronika Werschner, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany from a single source E-mail: [email protected] ECRUITMENT Italy Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale 56, 00044 Frascati, 69 R Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star 75 B OOKSHELF Pfeiffer Vacuum stands for innovative and custom vacuum solutions worldwide, Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ E-mail: [email protected] technological perfection, competent advice and reliable service. We are the only US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, 78 I NSIDE S TORY St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US supplier of vacuum technology that provides a complete product portfolio: Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, ■ Pumps for vacuum generation up to 10-13 hPa St Charles, IL 60174, US I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS ■ Vacuum measurement and analysis equipment CERNCOURIER Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, V OLUME 5 3 N UMBER 7 S EPTEMBER 2 0 1 3 ■ Leak detectors and leak testing systems 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55 ■ System technology and contamination management solutions Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK ■ Chambers and components © 2013 CERN ISSN 0304-288X Behind the scenes Are you looking for a perfect vacuum solution? Please contact us: at the LHC On the cover: Screens indicate 1092 buches in each proton beam in the ANNIVERSARY MAGNETS DETECTOR LHC, well on the way to 1380 bunches, which marked one of the key steps in The discovery of Success for neutral currents US high-fi eld DEVELOPMENT 40 years ago quadrupole A look at the Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH · Headquarters/Germany p53 p5 AIDA project p49 the LHC’s improving performance in 2011 (p25) T +49 6441 802-0 · F +49 6441 802-1202 · [email protected] www.pfeiffer-vacuum.com 3 13.08.05_CernCourier_3Prod_GB_213x282.indd 1 05.08.13 11:59 CERNCOURIER www. V OLUME 5 3 N UMBER 7 S EPTEMBER 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier September 2013 A PASSION FOR PERFECTION Contents Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN CERNCOURIER management. Editor Christine Sutton V OLUME 5 3 N UMBER 7 S EPTEMBER 2 0 1 3 News editor Kate Kahle CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 5 N EWS Web cerncourier.com • US high-fi eld quadrupole magnet passes test• ALICE goes to Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger Stockholm and Birmingham • EPS-HEP2013 delights in good Laboratory correspondents: times for physics T2K observes νμ→ν defi nitively GERDA Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos • e • Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin sets new limits on neutrinoless double beta decay Charmless Cornell University (US) D G Cassel • DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck baryonic B decays Surprising studies in multiplicity EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini • Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz 13 S CIENCEWATCH Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu 14 A STROWATCH IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen 16 A RCHIVE JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Nobukazu Toge Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein EATURES Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta F NCSL (US) Ken Kingery 19 Strangely beautiful dimuons Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman A key observation at the LHC marks a major milestone in Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle a 30-year long journey. Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem Behind the scenes at the LHC: A look at some of the main aspects TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan of the LHC’s operation and improving performance.