STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND SECURITY IN HIERARCHICAL EAST ASIA: THE POLITICS OF SOVEREIGN-NATIONALISM IN JAPAN AND KOREA A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Seo Hyun Park August 2009 © 2009 Seo Hyun Park STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND SECURITY IN HIERARCHICAL EAST ASIA: THE POLITICS OF SOVEREIGN-NATIONALISM IN JAPAN AND KOREA Seo Hyun Park, Ph. D. Cornell University 2009 Why do multiple understandings of state sovereignty exist in East Asia, and how do they affect security outcomes at the regional and domestic levels? I argue that Japanese and Korean leaders have historically sought to generate political legitimacy through alternative state-strengthening strategies, integration or insulation, vis-à-vis the region‘s dominant power in the context of regional hierarchy. These varying ideas on achieving greater international status have remained an integral part of domestic security debates in Japan and Korea, which I refer to in this study as the framework of sovereign-nationalism. Through comparative case studies, I show evidence of varying but enduring patterns of hierarchical interaction and domestic legitimacy politics by examining Japanese and Korean security relations with China in the traditional East Asian order and with the United States in the post-1945 regional alliance system. In addition, I identify the mechanisms through which these ideas and practices of state- strengthening are reproduced and translated into political outcomes: framing through issue linkages and rhetorical entrapment. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Seo-Hyun Park is currently Assistant Professor of international politics in the Department of Government and Law at Lafayette College. Park received her Ph.D. from Cornell University and her M.A. from the Graduate School of International Studies at Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea. She has taught at Stanford University (2008-09) and has conducted research in Japan and Korea as a visiting researcher at the University of Tokyo‘s Institute of Oriental Culture (2004-05) and at Yonsei University‘s Graduate School of International Studies (2006). Park has been a recipient of the Japan Foundation Dissertation Fellowship, the Mellon Fellowship, the Cornell University Einaudi Center‘s Carpenter Fellowship, and most recently, research fellowships from the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) and the Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center (APARC) at Stanford University. iii To my parents, Myung Soo Park and Young Ju Kim iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I spent most of my childhood reading books. I learned English through books when I first moved to the United States at an early age and re-learned Korean by reading more books when I moved back to South Korea. As much as I was enthralled by the various characters and stories introduced to me in the world of fiction and nonfiction, little did I know that I was also indirectly discovering and soaking in differences in social cues, cultural nuances, and historical interpretations. My instinct for comparative analysis has since then been honed more thoroughly and systematically, the culmination of which is this dissertation. I have had many teachers, colleagues, and friends to guide and inspire me along the way. This dissertation could not have been written without the wise, generous, and constant guiding hand of Peter Katzenstein. I have benefited enormously from not only his amazing intellect and insight but also his firm commitment to this project as my advisor and mentor. He has been an unending source of inspiration and sage advice throughout the pivotal years of my career and life development. As I tumbled through my early years of graduate school, fieldwork, dissertation writing, marriage and parenthood, he was always present to offer timely support, while never losing sight of my project or academic progress. I would also like to thank the other members of my dissertation committee for their guidance and support over the years. Christopher Way has been a wonderful model as advisor and teacher, whose thoughtful comments, timely feedback, and interaction with students I hope to emulate. Allen Carlson was from early on a key supporter of this project, which has been greatly improved by his broad and in-depth knowledge of China and Asian history as well as international relations theory. Jonathan Kirshner carefully read and offered insightful critiques at each critical stage, v forcing me in particular to sharpen my theoretical framework and argument. I am also grateful to Matthew Evangelista, who as the external reader raised pivotal questions and provided helpful comments for the final revision on very short notice. While at Cornell, Jae-Jung Suh and Richard Bensel were additional sources of guidance and support, and I am indebted to both. I would also like to express my gratitude to my Japanese teachers at Cornell, Yukiko Katagiri, Kyoko Selden, Naomi Nakada Larson, Yuka Kawasaki, and the late Yasuko Nakanishi, all of whom made sure that I received the best language training possible, enabling me to go live and conduct research in Japan for a year. My research could not have been completed without the generous financial support from the following institutions: Cornell University’s Graduate School, the Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies, the Japan Foundation, the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) and the Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center (APARC) at Stanford University. I also received institutional support from the Institute of Oriental Culture at the University of Tokyo and the Center for International Studies at Yonsei University’s Graduate School of International Studies, which facilitated my research in Japan and Korea. During my fieldwork in Asia, numerous people offered me guidance and feedback. In Japan, I am indebted to Professors Akihiko Tanaka and Takashi Inoguchi, who generously sponsored my research at the University of Tokyo. Jae Shin Hong, Dong Guk Kang, Jemma Kim, Jae Hwan Lim, and Miki Toyofuku helped me navigate my way around Japanese research material and Tokyo. In Korea, I received generous aid and attention from my past teachers and mentors, including Jung-Hoon Lee, Jongryn Mo, Chung Min Lee, Euysung Kim, and Taeho Kim. I was also fortunate enough to spend two years at Stanford while completing this dissertation. At CISAC, I received much support and feedback from Scott Sagan vi and Lynn Eden, as well as Brent Durbin, Patrick Johnston, Jake Shapiro, Frank Smith, Lisa Stampnitzky, and other members of the Social Science Seminar series, where I presented an earlier version of my dissertation research. At APARC, I would like to thank Gi-Wook Shin, David Straub, Dan Sneider, Bob Carroll, Heather Ahn, Debbie Warren, Hilary Izatt, and Don Keyser for providing a wonderful academic and social atmosphere for my research. I also received generous feedback from Se-Il Park and Jong-Seok Lee, both of whom were visiting scholars during my stay at APARC. For their friendship and moral support throughout this whole process, I thank Hong Duan, Jennifer Erickson, Devashree Gupta, Stephanie Hofmann, Hyeran Jo, Jai Kwan Jung, Junga Kim, Soo In Kim, Yoonho Kim, You-Jin Kim, Jong Bong Lee, Grace and Jay Lyall, Eryn MacDonald, Barak Mendelsohn, Woo Jung Nam, Andrew Phillips, Lisa Sansoucy, Soo-Jeong Shin, Scott Siegal, Yuriko Takahashi, Sophia and Geoff Wallace, Steve Watts, Andrew Yeo, and Maria Zaitseva. This long journey would not have been possible without the comforting and loving presence of my family. My parents, Myung Soo Park and Young Ju Kim, and parents-in-law, Gyu Yeol Cho and Seok Rye Kim, provided us with places to stay and study in Korea every summer. My mother in particular was integral to the completion of my studies as she made several trips to the U.S. to help me in my time of need as I struggled to keep up with scholarly and motherly duties. I also wish to thank my sister Seo-Jin and brother Chang-Seo, as well as my “older sister” Mo-Eun Sung and her husband Min-Seok Baek, for their good humor and unfailing support. Last but not least, I would like to share this happy ending with my husband Il Hyun Cho and daughter Emily, who have been my biggest fans and source of strength. Finally, this dissertation is dedicated to my parents, who never told me what to do or how to do it but instead inspired me to think big and offered extraordinary love and support so that I could finally achieve my goals. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH …………………………………………………………iii DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………………..iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………………………….v TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………...viii LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………ix CHAPTER ONE: Hierarchy and Status in East Asian International Relations: The Politics of Sovereign-Nationalism in Japan and Korea ……………………………….1 CHAPTER TWO: Historical Origins of Sovereign-Nationalism: Patterns of Hierarchical Interaction in the Sinocentric Order ……………………………………43 CHAPTER THREE: Variations in East Asian Responses to Westphalian Sovereignty: Japan and Korea in the Nineteenth Century ………………………………………….69 CHAPTER FOUR: Debating ―Independent Foreign Policy‖ in Postwar Japan: The Security Treaty Revision Crisis of 1960 …………………………………………..…97 CHAPTER FIVE: Anti-Sadae and ―Autonomous Defense‖ in Postwar South Korea ………………………………………………………………………………..116 CHAPTER SIX: Costs of Sovereign-Nationalist Mobilization: Comparing Korean and Japanese Participation