Healey, Dan. "Notes." Russian Homophobia from Stalin to Sochi. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. 211–278. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 7 Jun. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350000810.0013>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 7 June 2021, 09:32 UTC. Access provided by: Universitäts & Stadtbibliothek Koln Copyright © Dan Healey 2018. All rights reserved. Further reproduction or distribution is prohibited without prior permission in writing from the publishers. NOTES Preface 1 Annette F. Timm , and Joshua A. Sanborn , Gender, sex and the shaping of modern Europe: a history from the French Revolution to the present day ( London : Bloomsbury , 2016 ) . 2 On the “burdens” of Russia’s imperial project, see Alexander Etkind , Internal colonization: Russia’s imperial experience ( Cambridge : Polity , 2011 ) . 3 Geoffrey Hosking , Russia: people and empire, 1552–1917 ( London : HarperCollins , 1997 ) . 4 On homosocial space in pre-Petrine Russia, see Dan Healey , “ Can We Queer Early Modern Russia?” in Siting Queer Masculinities , eds Katherine O’Donnell and Michael O’Rourke , ( Basingstoke : Palgrave , 2005 ) . 5 On Peter the Great’s orders for mixed- sex socializing and the adoption of European marital norms, see Nancy Shields Kollmann , “ ‘What’s Love Got to Do with It?’ : Changing Models of Masculinity in Muscovite and Petrine Russia ,” in Russian Masculinities in History and Culture , eds Barbara Evans Clements , Rebecca Friedman and Dan Healey ( Basingstoke and New York : Palgrave , 2002 ) . 6 Dan Healey, Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia: The Regulation of Sexual and Gender Dissent (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 78–81. For an excellent new analysis of pre-Petrine regulation of same-sex acts, see Marianna Muravyeva , “ Personalising Homosexuality and Masculinity in Early Modern Russia ,” in Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe , eds Marianna Muravyeva and Raisa Maria Toivo ( London : Routledge , 2012 ) . 7 Healey, Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia , 78–81. On Nicholas and masculine values, see Rebecca Friedman , Masculinity, autocracy and the Russian university, 1804–1863 ( Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan , 2005 ) . 8 See David N. Collins , “ Sexual imbalance in frontier communities : Siberia and New France to 1760 ,” Sibirica 4 , no. 2 ( 2004 ): 162–85 ; Alan Wood , “ Sex and Violence in Siberia : Aspects of the Tsarist Exile System,” in Siberia: Two Historical Perspectives , eds John Massey Steward and Alan Wood ( London ; Great Britain- USSR Association ; School of Slavonic and East European Studies , 1984 ) . On the administration of Siberian exile populations see Andrew A. Gentes , Exile to Siberia, 1590–1822 ( Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan , 2008 ) ; idem , Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61 . ( Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 ) . 211 212 NOTES 9 See Healey, Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia , 78–79; idem, “Can We Queer Early Modern Russia?” Space – and a lack of research – does not permit an exploration of the attitudes toward homosexuality of other faiths of tsarist Russia: Islam, Judaism, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, and animism. 10 Healey, “Can We Queer Early Modern Russia?” 110–13. 11 Gregory Freeze , “ Bringing Order to the Russian Family : Marriage and Divorce in Imperial Russia, 1760–1860,” Journal of Modern History 62 , no. 4 ( 1990 ): 709–46 . 12 Laura Engelstein , The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin- de-Siècle Russia ( Ithaca & London : Cornell University Press , 1992 ), 245 . On pre- revolutionary theological ferment, see e.g., Vera Shevzov , Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution ( Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) ; Stephanie Solywoda , “ Internal Visions, External Changes : Russian Religious Philosophy, 1905–1940 ,” D.Phil thesis , University of Oxford , 2014 . 13 It is striking how infrequently Engelstein, The Keys to Happiness, refers to the Russian Orthodox Church as a participant in debates about sexual morality in late Imperial Russia. 14 On German churches’ modernizing views, see Dagmar Herzog , Sex after Fascism: Memory and Mortality in Twentieth-Century Germany ( Princeton & Oxford : Princeton University Press , 2005 ) . 15 Orthodox theologians in exile developed an anti-Communist and to some extent anti- secularist theology: Christopher Stroop , “ The Russian Origins of the So-Called Post-Secular Moment : Some Preliminary Observations ,” State, Religion and Church 1 , no. 1 ( 2014 ): 59–82 . On the Church after 1991, see John Gordon Garrard , and Carol Garrard , Russian Orthodoxy Resurgent: Faith and Power in the New Russia ( Princeton & Oxford : Princeton University Press , 2008 ) . 16 Wendy Z. Goldman , Women, the State, and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1993 ) . 17 Healey, Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia , 223–27. See also the case of Anna Barkova discussed in Chapter 4. 18 Dan Healey, “The sexual revolution in the USSR : dynamic change beneath the ice, ” in Sexual Revolutions , eds Gert Hekma and Alain Giami (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). 19 Francesca Stella, Lesbian Lives in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia: Post/socialism and Gendered Sexualities (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 65. 20 Clech is working on a doctoral dissertation ( EHESS , Paris) based on dozens of interviews with homosexually experienced men who came of age in the 1960s–80s in the USSR . 21 On the new visibility of sexuality in the public sphere, see Eliot Borenstein , Overkill: Sex and Violence in Contemporary Russian Popular Culture ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 2008 ) ; Brian James Baer , Other Russias: Homosexuality and the Crisis of Post-Soviet Identity ( New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 ) . NOTES 213 Introduction: 2013 – Russia’s Year of Political Homophobia 1 See http://ria.ru/incidents/20130513/937002026.html#ixzz2WkJ5gUm7 (accessed July 16, 2015). 2 In Russian, there are two translations for “homosexuality”: gomoseksualizm , for which I use the somewhat archaic sounding “homosexualism,” and the more neutral gomoseksual’nost’ , which I render as “homosexuality.” “Homosexualism” is regarded by Russia’s LGBT community as a homophobic term, originating in medical and Stalinist political usage (although in fact its use in political contexts predates Stalin’s rule). The form taking “-izm/ism” as its suffi x is seen by some as reducing an individual’s sexual orientation or personal identity to a mere ideology. (There is no analogous “heterosexualism” – geteroseksualizm – in the Russian language, only geteroseksual’nost’ .) Russian jurisprudence and legislation routinely refer to “homosexualism” as do the state-controlled media. 3 One of the fi rst to be fi red for speaking out in support of LGBT rights was Il’ia Kolmanskii, a biology teacher in Moscow; he was fi red just four days after the draft bill banning “propaganda for homosexualism” was given fi rst reading in the Duma. See http://www.novayagazeta.ru/news/62543.html (accessed July 16, 2015). 4 See http://lenta.ru/articles/2013/05/23/volgograd (accessed July 16, 2015). 5 Russian law does not recognize hate crime against LGBT citizens as a protected social group. On silence as a deliberate judicial strategy against LGBT citizens’ rights, see Alexander Kondakov , “ Resisting the Silence: The Use of Tolerance and Equality Arguments by Gay and Lesbian Activist Groups in Russia ,” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 28 , no. 3 ( 2013 ): 403–24 . “Homosexual panic” is my paraphrase for Smolin’s self-justifi cation; on the “homosexual panic” defense in Soviet practice, see Chapter 2. For the sentences, see http://www.newizv.ru/accidents/2014–07–03/204166-koryst- vmesto-nenavisti.html (accessed July 16, 2015). 6 My discussion of the origins of the concept draws upon: Barry D. Adam , “ Theorizing Homophobia ,” Sexualities 1 , no. 4 ( 1998 ): 387–404 ; Daniel Borillo , L’homophobie . Que sais- je? ( Paris : Presses Universitaires de France , 2000 ) ; Louis-Georges Tin , ed., Dictionnaire de l’homophobie ( Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 2003 ) ; Daniel Wickberg , “ Homophobia : On the Cultural History of an Idea ,” Critical Inquiry 27 , no. 1 ( 2000 ): 42–57 . 7 Wickberg, “Homophobia,” 47–52; Adam, “Theorizing Homophobia,” 387–9. 8 See Michael J. Bosia , and Meredith L. Weiss , “ Political Homophobia in Comparative Perspective,” in Global Homophobia: States, Movements, and the Politics of Oppression , eds Michael J. Bosia and Meredith L. Weiss ( Urbana , Chicago, Springfi eld : University of Illinois Press , 2014 ) ; on sexuality’s changes in the globalization era, see Dennis Altman , “ Sexuality and globalization ,” Sexuality Research & Social Policy 1 , no. 1 ( 2004 ): 63–8 . 214 NOTES 9 The classic text is Jasbir K. Puar , Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times ( Durham : Duke University Press, 2007 ) ; and see also Joseph Andoni Massad , Desiring Arabs ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2007 ) . 10 Corinne Lennox , and Matthew Waites , “ Human rights, sexual orientation and gender identity in the Commonwealth: from history and law to developing activism and transnational dialogues ,” in Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change , eds Corinne Lennox and Matthew Waites ( London : Human Rights Consortium, Institute of Commonwealth Studies , 2013 ) . 11 See Dagmar Herzog , “ Hubris and Hypocrisy, Incitement