Tainted Peace: Torture in Sri Lanka since May 2009 in Sri Lanka Torture Peace: Tainted Tainted Peace: Torture in Sri Lanka since May 2009 Freedom from Torture August 2015 Torture Freedom from Freedom from Torture 111 Isledon Road London N7 7JW Registered charity no: England 1000340, Scotland SC039632 Freedom from Torture August 2015 Front cover photo: A Sri Lankan soldier stands in front of a war monument in Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka. Back cover photo: A Tamil, who is a survivor of torture at the hands of Sri Lankan security forces, displays significant burns on his back. Photos: Will Baxter http://willbaxter.photoshelter.com Freedom from Torture Freedom from Torture is the only UK-based human rights organisation dedicated to the treatment and rehabilitation of torture survivors. We do this by offering services across England and Scotland to around 1,000 torture survivors a year, including psychological and physical therapies, forensic documentation of torture, legal and welfare advice, and creative projects. Since our establishment in 1985, more than 57,000 survivors of torture have been referred to us, and we are one of the world’s largest torture treatment centres. Our expert clinicians prepare medico-legal reports (MLRs) that are used in connection with torture survivors’ claims for international protection, and in research reports, such as this, aimed at holding torturing states to account. We are the only human rights organ- isation in the UK that systematically uses evidence from in-house clini- cians, and the torture survivors they work with, to hold torturing states accountable internationally; and to work towards a world free from torture. Survivors Speak OUT network Survivor Speak OUT (SSO) is the UK’s only torture survivor-led activ- ist network and is actively engaged in speaking out against torture and about its impacts. Set up by survivors of torture, for survivors of torture, SSO uses first-hand experience to speak with authority for the rights of torture survivors. The network is supported and facilitated by Freedom from Torture and all network members are former Freedom from Torture clients. To find out more about Freedom from Torture and the Survivors Speak OUT network please visit www.freedomfromtorture.org Or follow us on Twitter @FreefromTorture and @SSOonline Or join us on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/FreedomfromTorture Tainted Peace: Torture in Sri Lanka since May 2009 August 2015 FOREWORD By Kumar*, a Sri Lankan member of the Survi- in the years since the civil war ended. Sinhalese are vors Speak OUT (SSO) network also not immune. Sri Lanka now has some different people in power I nearly died in my torturers’ hands. Torture ripped but meaningful reform at the root is needed before my family apart: our unit died overnight. I can’t the culture of torture can be truly eradicated. To reveal my identity as it is still not safe for me to do think that torture no longer takes place just be- so. I know that Sri Lanka’s sophisticated intelligence cause a few new faces are in place would be naive – operation means that they watch us and monitor it takes many years to change practices, attitudes, our whereabouts even when we are outside of the and a country where torture has become the norm. country. I have first-hand experience of this after I was tortured following my return from the UK after That’s why it is important that Freedom from the conflict ended in 2009. Torture is throwing its weight behind publicising the experiences of Sri Lanka’s torture victims, and That culture has not changed just because the con- like me, survivors, who have lived through hell and flict ended. back. I want to work with other torture survivors to raise A culture of torture prevails at all levels in Sri our voices and ensure that there is political will and Lanka. During the 30 years of conflict, successive continued international pressure to end torture in governments used torture as a weapon of fear and Sri Lanka. destruction. Since the war ended, torture has been practised openly so that people are aware of it and The Survivors Speak OUT network has worked scared to act outside the set agenda. closely with Sri Lankan torture survivors to find out more about their first-hand accounts of torture and This culture is deep-rooted and used as a means to crucially, the change they want to see in Sri Lanka. push minority groups into submission. The recommendations in this report are informed by the voices of Sri Lankan torture survivors in Torture leaves families and communities in despair. treatment at Freedom from Torture and that is an Guns and violence may no longer be visible, but important step – our voices need to shape lasting their aftermath remains for victims who may be positive change in Sri Lanka. subjected to discrimination and stigma for many years afterwards. Despite the end of the conflict, We are a small country and we need the United Na- people are still searching for missing loved ones; tions to keep up the pressure and hold our tortur- and abductions and other human rights abuses con- ers to account. Justice is not achievable without tinue. Laws for protecting minorities are ignored in accountability. practice. No one should go through what we, the tortured, These problems will not be solved by simply chang- have. As you read this, I wonder how many people ing the political leadership. continue to suffer. How many continue to bear the scars of torture in such a way that they are no lon- Importantly, this report is based on evidence from ger that person they once were? Freedom from Torture’s medico-legal reports and demonstrates that many Tamils, whether Hindu, * Kumar is not the SSO member’s real name and Christian or Muslim, have been tortured in Sri Lanka has been used to protect identity. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was researched and written by We are particularly grateful to the staff of the Jo Pettitt, with research assistance by Dastan Medico-Legal Report Service, including the doc- Salehi. The report was designed by Philip Cartland. tors who prepare the medico-legal reports and our interpreters. Freedom from Torture’s country reports rely on the participation and support of survivors of torture Research at Freedom from Torture is greatly sup- who are willing to share their medico-legal reports ported by the work of our highly talented research (MLRs) with us for the purpose of research. We interns. We would like to thank Dastan Salehi for his would like to acknowledge the contribution of our dedicated and meticulous work on this project and Sri Lankan clients, including those who shared their Emily Wilbourn for assistance in editing the report MLRs and those who gave their time to help us de- with such care. velop our recommendations and to provide valuable insight into the context of our research findings. We are grateful to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture (UNFVT) for their gener- We would also like to acknowledge and thank ous support for the core activities of Freedom from members of the Survivors Speak OUT network for Torture. their collaboration with Freedom from Torture on this project and in the development of meaningful We thank Will Baxter for the photographs used to survivor participation approaches in our research illustrate this report. and advocacy work. Web: http://willbaxter.photoshelter.com These reports rely on the hard work of colleagues For further information please contact: from across Freedom from Torture’s centres and in all departments of the organisation. We would Jo Pettitt, Lead Researcher like to acknowledge the contribution of all those Email: [email protected] at Freedom from Torture who have in one way or Tel.: +44 207 697 7803 another supported this project and to thank them. 3 GLOSSARY CID - Criminal Investigation Department ICD - International Classification of Diseases IDP - Internally Displaced Persons IP - Istanbul Protocol LTTE - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam MLR - Medico-Legal Report NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation UK - United Kingdom UN - United Nations UNP - United National Party PTSD - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder STF - Special Task Force TID - Terrorism Investigation Department 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary 9 Introduction 13 1. Survivor profile 19 1.1. Age and sex 19 1.2. Ethnicity and religion 19 1.3. Association with LTTE 19 1.4. Torture on return to Sri Lanka from the UK 23 2. Detention context 27 2.1. Year of detention 27 2.2. Repeated detention 28 2.3. Reason for detention 28 2.4. Place of arrest and detaining authority 28 2.5. Detained from the airport 29 2.6. Place of detention 29 2.6.1. Location of detention facilities by district 29 2.6.2. Named detention facilities 30 2.6.3. Type of detention facility 32 2.6.4. Use of torture in detention facilities, by district and type 33 2.7. Violation of due process rights 34 2.8. Detention conditions 35 2.9. Duration of detention 36 2.10. Escape or release from detention 36 3. Evidence of Torture 39 3.1. Methods of physical torture 39 3.1.1. Blunt force trauma – beating and other physical assault 39 3.1.2. Burning 41 3.1.3. Sexual torture 44 3.1.4. Suspension and other forced positioning 49 3.1.5. Asphyxiation 51 3.1.6. Sharp force trauma and forced removal of nails 52 3.2. Psychological/environmental torture 53 3.3. Incidence of torture by sex 54 3.4. Physical and Psychological impact of torture 55 3.4.1. Physical evidence of torture – scars and other lesions 56 3.4.2.