3D Printing of Polymers Onto Textiles

3D Printing of Polymers Onto Textiles

DOCTORAL THESIS DOCTORAL THESIS Textiles and Fashion Textiles Recently, smart textiles have been developed by integrating smart Prisca Eutionnat-Diffo components onto textiles’ surface through various finishing pro- 3D PRINTING OF POLYMERS cesses such as knife coating or direct coating, transfer coating, ink- jet printing. These techniques are well established in textile field and demonstrated some interesting opportunities in terms of func- ONTO TEXTILES tionalization of textile materials; however several of their limita- tions (cost, complex shape can hardly be designed, viscosity of the Prisca Eutionnat-Diffo conductive materials, long process time, etc.) restrict commercially their use in the domain of smart textiles. An innovative approach to Compared to the traditional textile finishing processes, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a novel and sustainable three-dimensional (3D) printing technique which allows APPROACH TO AN INNOVATIVE ONTO TEXTILES: 3D PRINTING OF POLYMERS develop functional textiles the printing of conductive tracks, sensors or antennas onto the surface of the textiles with very low waste of materials and fast prototyping option. Besides, with 3D printing tech- nique complex and customized shapes can be obtained anywhere on the textile materials. Despite those advantages, the utilization of 3D printing technology in smart textiles is limited as strong knowledge on both the process and materials needs to be developed. This thesis provides a technology-driven approach with resource-efficient solutions for the manufacturing of functional textiles. The tensile properties, the deformation under com- pression, the adhesion and wear (i.e. abrasion) resistances of 3D printed polymer onto textiles were optimized through reliable statistical modeling. Furthermore, the influence of abrasion on the electrical conductivity of the conductive was investigated using mono- phasic polymers well-commercialized in 3D printing such as poly lactic acid (PLA). The DEVELOP FUNCTIONAL use of PLA as matrix of the conducting polymer composites (CPCs) is not adapted for textile materials applications due its brittle behavior at ambient temperature. Higher flex- ibility could be achieved by producing biphasic composite polymers using immiscible polymer blends (elastomer/thermoplastic) with selective location of the fillers. Besides, the influence of the extrusion procedures and the percentage of elastomers in the conductive blends on the deformation and the electrical conductivity of the CPCs onto textiles were analyzed. A significant improvement of these properties is confirmed when using biphasic thermoplastic/elastomer blends with selective location of the fillers at the interface or in TEXTILES the thermoplastic phase. The development of conducting and flexible biphasic mono- filaments creates new potential opportunities in the domain of functional textiles through 3D printing. Electronic version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23878 ISBN 978-91-89271-00-5 (printed) ISBN 978-91-89271-01-2 (pdf) ISSN 0280-381X, Skrifter från Högskolan i Borås nr. 114 3D PRINTING OF POLYMERS ONTO TEXTILES An innovative approach to develop functional textiles Doctoral dissertation by Prisca Aude Eutionnat-Diffo in partial fulfillment of Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Programme: Sustainable Management and Design for Textiles Jointly organized by University Lille, France University of Borås, Sweden Soochow University, China Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my dear co-supervisors Prof. Vincent Nierstrasz, Prof. Christine Campagne, Prof. Aurelie Cayla, Prof. Xianyi Zeng, Prof. Jinping Guan, and Prof. Yan Chen for giving me the opportunity to work on such an interesting research project. Their constructive criticisms, inputs, encouragement and supervision have guided me toward the production of this thesis. I would like to thank my opponent Prof. Dr: Barbara Simoncic and my reviewer Prof. Dr: Abdelaziz Lallam , for offering valid and valuable comments and insights. Thank you to all the jury members of my defense for their time and their great comments and feedback. I wish to thank Dr. Yuyang Zhou and Katarina Lindström Ramamoorthy for the Swedish and Chinese translations of the thesis abstract. Thank you to all the people who supported me during my PhD journey at the University of Borås (HR, IT, etc.) and most specifically Magnus Bratt, Dr. Eva Gustafsson and Petri Granroth. Big thanks to the professors, lecturers, researchers and technicians who shared with me their advice and expertise particularly Dr. Andrers Persson, Dr. Junchun Yu, Stig Abrahamson, Hanna Lindholm and Haike Hike. Thank you to the employees of FOV limited principally Mr. Jesper Calsson for the opportunity of using their laboratory for testing and for their great support. To all the great researchers and friends, Nett, Sweta, Molla, Tuser, Yuyang, Milad, Katarina, Sina, Tarun, Vijay, May, Felicia, Sheenam, Emanuel and Veronica, thank you for making these one year and half so interesting and full of memories. I wish to thank in particular my dear colleague and friend Sweta with who I have been working on innovative concepts that combine both our knowledge and thesis fields. 'H SOXV M¶DLPHUDL H[SULPHU PD JUDWLWXGH j O¶HQVHPEOH GX SHUVRQQHO GH O¶(16$,7*(07(; HW GH O¶8QLYHUVLWpGH/LOOHpour leur soutien tout au long de ma mobilité en France. Je me souviendrai notamment de la paWLHQFHHWGHO¶HIILFDFLWpGH0DULRQHouyvet, Marie Hombert; Dorothée Mercier, Ludovic Macaire, Thi Nguyen et Malika Debuysschere. Un énorme remerciement à Guillaume Lemort, François Dassonville, Christian Catel, Louis Marischal, Vivien Barral, Ahmed Addad, Alexandre Fadel, pour leur aide très SUpFLHXVH GDQV OD UpDOLVDWLRQ GHV PDWLqUHV SUHPLqUHV DLQVL TXH O¶H[pFXWLRQ GHV HVVDLV HW WHVWV GH caractérisation. Je souhaite vivement remercier Nicolas Martin et Lola Andrian G¶(XURPDWHULDOV SRXU O¶RSSRUWXQLWpG¶XWLOLVHUOHXUVpTXLSHPHQWVGDQVOHFDGUHGHPDWKqVHDLQVLTXHO¶LPPHQVHVRXWLHQDSSRUWp pendant cette période en France. Un énorme merci à mes deux stagiaires Jane Martin et Baptiste Marco pour leur soutien et leur bon travail. 0HUFLjO¶HQVHPEOe des doctorants et chercheurs du GEMTEX qui, pour certains sont devenus de vrais amis. Je vais notamment me souvenir de ma collègue de bureau et super amie Zineb, vraiment merFL SRXU WRQ pFRXWH HW QRV IRXV ULUHV HQ WRXWHV FLUFRQVWDQFHV -H Q¶RXEOLH évidemment pas Vivien, Louis, Charles, Maximilien, Shukla, Julie, Wenquian, Kehui, Balkiss, Henri, Dedication Anne-Clémence, Valentin, Nathalie, Nitin, Baptiste, Romain, Mulat et tous ces très bons moments passés ensemble. To my former colleagues from Autoenum for their supportive words and messages. I was pleased to see some of you during my PhD journey. To my current colleagues from Autins, thank you for welcoming me to the team and company, encouraging me and believing in me throughout the pre-defense and defense steps. A mes meilleurs amis (to my best friends)PHVDPLVGHF°XUHWjPDIDPLOOHTXLRQWVXrWUHOjSRXUPRL To my lovely and precious husband Dr. Denis Diffo dans les bons comme les moments difficiles de ces trois années, plus particulièrement, Eppy, Clarisse et Ismaël, Madina et Louiny, Olivia, Lindsay, Michaël, Krystel, Lilia, Aurore, Marylin, Marius, Nicolas, Clarissa, Hubert, Lucas, Loic, Ludovic, Willem, Pascal, Jacky et Aga. A tous mes amis qui ne sont pas cités et qui RQWpWpOjSRXUPRLMHQHYRXVRXEOLHSDVHWYRXVUHPHUFLHGXIRQGGXF°XU $WRL/LOLDPHUFLG¶DYRLU partagé avec moi cette opportunité de thèse trois jours avant la date limite de dépôt de dossier. Un immense PHUFLG¶DYRLUFUXHQPRLGqVOHGpEXt. A mes V°XUV Sandy et Orianne Eutionnat, ma nièce Mayou, ma filleule Lilis et ma mère Manès Délivert, merci pour ces agréables moments ensemble. 8QLPPHQVHPHUFLjPRQSDSDG¶DPRXUDr. Luc Eutionnat pour ton soutien permanent, ta bienveillance, ton amour, ta joie et ta bonne humeur partagées au quotidien, tes encouragements et tes conseils. Tu as toujours su trouver les mots justes pour me booster dans mes études et ma vie personnelle. To my super-daddy Dr. Luc Eutionnat A mon compagnon, mon meilleur ami, O¶DPRXUGHma vie, mon mari, mon tout, PRQFKDWRQG¶DPRXU Dr. Denis Diffo un infini merci SRXUWRQDPRXUWRQVRXWLHQWDSRVLWLYLWpG¶rWUHjPHVFRWpVà chaque instant et surtout merci de me supporter au quotidien et me soutenir dans tous mes choix. Thank you very much Tack så mycket Merci beaucoup 㠀ᖖឤㅰ఼ Mèsi an pil évidemment pas Vivien, Louis, Charles, Maximilien, Shukla, Julie, Wenquian, Kehui, Balkiss, Henri, Dedication Anne-Clémence, Valentin, Nathalie, Nitin, Baptiste, Romain, Mulat et tous ces très bons moments passés ensemble. To my former colleagues from Autoenum for their supportive words and messages. I was pleased to see some of you during my PhD journey. To my current colleagues from Autins, thank you for welcoming me to the team and company, encouraging me and believing in me throughout the pre-defense and defense steps. A mes meilleurs amis (to my best friends)PHVDPLVGHF°XUHWjPDIDPLOOHTXLRQWVXrWUHOjSRXUPRL To my lovely and precious husband Dr. Denis Diffo dans les bons comme les moments difficiles de ces trois années, plus particulièrement, Eppy, Clarisse et Ismaël, Madina et Louiny, Olivia, Lindsay, Michaël, Krystel, Lilia, Aurore, Marylin, Marius, Nicolas, Clarissa, Hubert, Lucas, Loic, Ludovic, Willem, Pascal, Jacky et Aga. A tous mes amis qui ne sont pas cités et qui RQWpWpOjSRXUPRLMHQHYRXVRXEOLHSDVHWYRXVUHPHUFLHGXIRQGGXF°XU $WRL/LOLDPHUFLG¶DYRLU partagé avec moi cette opportunité de thèse trois jours

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