Power of POP Media Analysis of Immigrant Representation in Popular TV Shows CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 RECOMMENDATIONS 6 INTRODUCTION 8 METHODOLOGY 10 TELEVISION CONTENT ANALYSIS LIMITATIONS PART I: CHARACTER REPRESENTATION 13 FREQUENCY OF IMMIGRANT CHARACTER REPRESENTATION QUALITY AND DEPTH OF IMMIGRANT CHARACTER REPRESENTATION RACE, ETHNICITY, AND NATION OF ORIGIN QUALITY AND DEPTH OF REPRESENTATION GENDER IDENTITY AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION OCCUPATION AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS BILINGUALISM, ACCENTS, AND DIALECTS PART II: DOMINANT STORYLINES & THEMES 20 DOMINANT STORYLINES THEMES & SYMBOLISM PART III: AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT (SOCIAL MEDIA ANALYSIS) 28 METHODOLOGY OVERARCHING TRENDS AUDIENCE DEMOGRAPHICS AND INTERESTS PART IV: ANALYSIS 36 UNDERREPRESENTATION OF IMMIGRANTS OF COLOR IMMIGRATION AND UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES REPRESENTATION OF NON–ENGLISH-SPEAKING IMMIGRANTS PART V: RECOMMENDATIONS 39 APPENDICES 45 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This research examines the representation and dominant storylines associated with immigration, immigrants, and immigrant and border communities within popular television programs during the April 2014 to June 2016 television seasons. This report is intended to offer advocates, activists, entertainment executives and creatives, media commenta- tors, and media literacy promoters a more holistic understanding of the popular media narratives currently influ- encing public attitudes and behaviors toward immigrants. This report also offers guidance and tips for improving the portrayal of immigrants in popular entertainment and best practices for using popular culture to advance a social justice cause and engage new audiences. THE FOLLOWING KEY FINDINGS EMERGED FROM OUR ANALYSIS: IMMIGRANT CHARACTER REPRESENTATION Identifiable immigrant characters are White, European immigrants are overrepresented underrepresented in popular television shows: in television programming: Our analysis of 40 randomly sampled shows reveals In the 2014–2016 television seasons, white, non- that immigrants are significantly underrepresented Hispanic immigrants were significantly overrepre- in popular broadcast, cable, and streaming televi- sented in the popular television shows. Specifically, sion shows. Foreign-born nationals currently com- of the 70 leading and minor characters identifiable prise roughly 13.5 percent of the U.S. population,1 as immigrants, 46 characters (66 percent) repre- a figure that increases to 16.9 percent when factor- sented white immigrants from various regions. The ing in the estimated 11.1 million undocumented im- nationalities of white immigrant characters skewed migrants.2 Yet between fall 2014 and spring 2016, heavily European, with roughly 48 percent of white identifiable immigrant characters comprised just 6 characters originating from Western and Eastern percent of leading and minor character roles. Spe- European countries, despite European immigrants cifically, of the 1,164 leading and minor characters (of all races) comprising only 11.3 percent of the present in the 40 television episode we examined, foreign-born population in the United States as of only 70 characters were identifiable as immigrants. 2014.3 Immigrants are significantly more likely to be Immigrants of color are less likely than white depicted in historical dramas and science fiction/ immigrants to be cast in recurring4 roles: fantasy shows: White immigrants from Europe are significantly Historical dramas had the highest rate of immigra- more likely than immigrants of color to not only be tion representation, with 16 percent of characters in represented, but also depicted in leading roles. Six- the historical dramas representing immigrant char- ty-seven percent of white, non-Hispanic immigrant acters. In other words, of the 164 leading and minor characters were represented in leading regular and characters featured in the historical dramas in our recurring roles, compared to 50 percent of Asian sample, 26 were identifiable immigrant characters. immigrant characters, 20 percent of Black immi- Sci-fi and fantasy follow with the second highest grant characters, and 12.5 percent of Latino immi- rate of immigrant representation, with 9 percent of grant characters. Latino immigrants are significantly characters identifiable as immigrants. Frequency of more likely than other demographics to be repre- representation is significantly lower within the com- sented in minor, non-recurring roles. Nearly 90 per- edies and dramas. Immigrants accounted for just 4 cent of Latino immigrant characters occupied minor percent of leading and minor character represen- non-recurring roles, compared to just 6 percent of tation in popular dramas included in our sample, 3 white immigrants, 25 percent of Asian immigrants, percent for comedies, and just 2 percent for horror. and 40 percent of Black immigrant characters. 1 Pew Research Center, “ U.S. foreign-born population trends,” September 2015, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/28/chapter-5-u-s-foreign-born-population-trends/. Retrieved April 3, 2017. 2 This figure does not account for the estimated 11.1 million undocumented immigrants currently residing in the United States. See Pew Research Center, “5 facts about illegal immigration in the U.S.,” November 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/03/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/. Retrieved April 3, 2017. 3 Migration Policy Institute, “European Immigrants in the United States,” December 2015, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/european-immigrants-united-states. Retrieved April 3, 2017. 4 Characters appearing in a series periodically or repeatedly. 4 Immigrant characters are more likely to be male Bilingualism and subtitles play an important role than female: in immigrant representation: Male immigrant characters comprised 73 percent In-depth analysis of trends in character represen- of immigrant character representation, compared tation revealed a strong correlation between im- to 27 percent for female characters—a distribution migrant character representation and bilingual that is in stark contrast to the foreign-born gender or multilingualism. In the episodes in our sample, distribution in the United States. As of 2013, women code switching—that is, the practice of alternating represent roughly 51 percent of the foreign-born between two or a variety of languages or dialects population5 and roughly 46 percent of undocu- in conversations—was a prominent tool used by mented immigrants, according to data from the Mi- show creators to signify immigrants. For instance, gration Policy Institute.6 of the 16 episodes in our sample that featured an immigrant character, 50 percent (eight out of 16) included a character speaking English alongside The occupation and socioeconomic status of another language. immigrant characters vary significantly among racial/ethnic groups: White immigrants are more likely than immigrants LGBTQ immigrants are largely absent in of color to represent working in discernible occu- television content: pations, but they also are depicted in high-ranking Our sample included no representation of trans or positions or highly skilled professions. Thirty-nine non-conforming immigrants, and only one immi- percent of white immigrant characters were repre- grant character openly identified as gay. sented in discernible, traditional occupations, with the vast majority (83 percent) cast in senior roles in the military, and another 11 percent appearing as doctors or scientists. At the same time, Latino im- migrants tended to be represented in lower-skilled professions or as unemployed due to involvement in unlawful activity. For instance, only 25 percent of Latino immigrant characters were depicted in any discernible occupation. 5 Pew Research Center, “Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S., Driving Population Growth and Change Through 2065: Views of Immigration’s Impact on U.S. Society Mixed,” 2015, Washington, D.C, http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/2015/09/2015-09-28_modern-immigration-wave_REPORT.pdf, p. 65. Retrieved April 5, 2017. 6 Migration Policy Institute, “Profile of the unauthorized population: United States,” 2014, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/unauthorized-immigrant-population/state/US. Retrieved April 5, 2017. 5 DOMINANT STORYLINES AND THEMES ASSOCIATED WITH IMMIGRATION Storylines focused on historic immigration and European colonialism–dominant immigrant character representation: More than one-third of episodes featuring identifiable immigrant characters included an overarching storyline cen- tered on historical immigration, generally within the context of colonialism and imperialism. Historical dramas ac- counted for the majority of this category of storytelling. Storylines centered on historical immigration were almost exclusively tied to European nations’/ethnic groups’ exploration and colonization of territories around the globe, with several based loosely on real historical events. of immigrant characters were directly tied to some form of unlawful activity including 14% murder, human trafficking, and drug dealing. A significant portion of storylines tied to immigration or immigrants centered on unlawful activities: Storylines about unlawful activities accounted for 25 percent of storylines involving immigrant characters. These storylines depicted immigrant characters directly participating in unlawful activities or being questioned by police, often as a direct result of their status as an immigrant. Overall, 14 percent (10 of 70) of immigrant characters were directly tied to some form