DOI ISSN xxxxxxxxxx (print) ; xxxxxxxxxx (online) Vol. I No. 1 Desember 2019 MORAL VALUES IN BADIUZZAMAN AL- HAMDANI’S MAQAMAT Laily Fitriani UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang Email:[email protected] Abstract: Abbasiyah time was a golden period in the era of glory in all fields of science. This time was marked by the development of religious and non-religious sciences, as well as literature. Maqamat art was one type of Abbasiyah prose that experienced rapid development, with Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani as a figure whose maqamat work consist of human values. Maqamat is a short story that contains the events of the main characters narrated by certain narrators. The language style is mostly in the form of 'and badi' and ends with advice. This study purposes to describe the characteristics in Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani’s Maqamat and explain human values in Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani’s Maqamat. Data collection is conducted with documentations and heuristic techniques and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study explain: 1) Five characteristics in Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani’s Maqamat consist of themes, characterizations, plot, background and point of view, and 2) Moral values portrayed in Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani’s Maqamat are human values and justice values. Keywords: Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani’s Maqamat, characteristics, content analysis, moral values. Corresponding Author: [email protected] MORAL VALUES IN BADIUZZAMAN AL-HAMDANI’S MAQAMAT Introduction similar phenomenon also occurs in the development of Arab Abbasiyah prose Daulah Abbasiyah is a continuation of which also experienced rapid progress, in Daulah Umawiyah. Founder of Daulah addition to sermons, treatise writing, tauqi'at Abbasiyah is descent from Al-Abbas, the also with the presence of Maqamat as a uncle of the Prophet Muhammad, namely monumental prose Arabic work that had Abdullah al-Saffah ibn Muhammad ibn Ali never existed before. Ibn al-Abbas. His reign was around five Maqamat is a short story that contains centuries (750-1258 M/132-655 H). the events of the main characters narrated Abbasiyah dynasty is like other by certain narrators. The language style is dynasties in Islamic history, reached mostly in the form of saja’ and badi' and political and intellectual glory. The Baghdad ended with advices. (Rabbi ', 1989: 86). Caliphate was founded by al-Saffah and al- There are many figures in the Maqamat art Mansur reached its golden age between the including Abu Bakr bin Duraid, Ahmad bin time of the third caliph of the al-Mahdi and Faris, Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani, and Abu the ninth caliph, al-Watsiq and more Muhammad al-Qashim Ali al-Hariri and Abu specifically in the time of Harun al-Rashid al-Fath al-Iskandari. and his son, al-Ma'mun, because of these Maqamat is a technique in Arabic two great caliphs, Abbasiyah dynasty had a literature in the form of short narrative texts, good impression in public memory in Islamic it usually consists of one page in a history (Hitti, 2002: 369). maximum. Actors in this text are generally The Abbasiyah time was also known narrators and heroes who tell their journey. as an Islamic intellectual revival period. The The hero is the figure of someone who is revival was largely because the entering of clever, eloquent and fearless who masters various foreign influences, some Indo- the words and gives his fluency to describe Persians and Syrians, and the most himself and his social life. So it can be said important was Greek influence. The that in this Maqamat, the author uses the intellectual movement was marked by the genre for showing the power and movement of translating Persian, Sanskrit, dominance of the power of literature through Syrian and Greek-language works into vocabulary and rhetoric. (Hoseaijanzadeh Arabic. It started with their own work about et al., 2016: 784). science, philosophy, or literature. In Syria, Mustafa Asy-Syak'ah in the Natsr they absorbed pre-existing Aramaic Fanni’s book written by Zaki Mubarok civilizations which had been influenced by argued that the thought in writing Greece, and in Iraq they also adopted Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani’s maqamat had similar civilizations which had been crystallized in his imagination as a result of influenced by Persia. After the founding of various things and various thoughts Baghdad, the Arabic literary world had the including the form of Badiuzzaman's story works of the main philosophers Aristotle, the with Ibn Duraid, where Ibn Duraid work of neo-Platonic commentators, and developed the story for learning and Galen's medical writings, as well as Badiuzzaman took the form of thought and scientific works of Persia and India. In only Ibn Duraid’s school and entering it into the several decades, Arab scholars have maqamat of the life elements, movements absorbed the knowledge and culture and made it as a basis in the maqamat art developed over the centuries by the Greeks. (Jinan, 1993: 71). (Hitti, 2002: 381-382). This paper focus on moral values In addition to the development of the contained in the two maqamats of translation movement of books from Greek, Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani, namely Persian, Syrian and Sanskrit, the maqamat al-Qirdiyyah and al- circumtances of Arab Abbasiyah literature Naisaburiyyah with Abu al-Fath al-Iskandari in this case the prose and poetry also had as the heroes of this maqamat story. been developed. History notes that at this time there was a renewal (tajdid) in terms of Literary Review uslub and wazan, as well as new poetry themes which were completely different Etimologycally, Maqamat comes with the themes of the previous poetry. A from a word that means a group of people, 43 MORAL VALUES IN BADIUZZAMAN AL-HAMDANI’S MAQAMAT Vol. I No. 1 Desember 2019 majlis, speeches or advice and the like, and scientist and interpreter, he is famous for also short stories that are poems that maqamat athwaq al-Dzahab, Ibn al- contain advice or jokes/anecdotes. (Anis, Isytarikuni al-Sarqisti al-Andalusi (died 538 1972: 768). H) owner of maqamat al-Sarqistiyah, the According to the literary writers, figure is al-Mundzir bin Hamam and the Maqamat means a short story containing narrator is al-Saib bin Tamam, and also the events of the character of maqamat and appears maqamat Imam al-Suyuti. narrated by certain narrators, most of the The characteristics of the language styles are poetic and contain badi' maqamat in the Abbasiyah time are: and end with advices. (Rabbi', 1989: 86). 1) Language style/uslub maqamat According to Sukron Kamil in his book, seemed full of various types of lafadz “Teori Kritik Sastra Arab Klasik dan Modern” such as jinas, thibaq, iltizam, all of (Classical and Modern Arabic Literary which are poems. Criticism Theory”), maqamat is a short story 2) Most pronounciations/lafadzs seemed born in the Abbasiyah time which tells a strange / gharib. particular person or group delivered by a 3) Full of stories and wisdom. speaker who uses a unique language style, 4) The maqamat writers choose the especially short rhymes (the final suitability characters in their maqamat which of words in short sentences), which contain occur an event in the life of the advice or criticism interspersed with funny character, and the narrator who things (Kamil, 2009: 37). According to al- narrates that event. For example, the Faruqi, maqamat is a picture of a session figure in Maqamat of Badiuzzaman al- where a number of people talk about a Hamdani is Abu al-Fath al-Iskandari particular subject. Usually one of them tells and the narrator is Isa bin Hisham, another a short story about someone who while the figure in Maqamat al-Hariri is became famous for his brilliance and Abu Zaid al-Saruji and the narrator is fluency (Al-Faruqi, 1998: 382). Maqamat is al-Harith bin Hamam (Rabi’, 1989: 86- a literary art in the form of prose and 87). appeared in the 4th century H/10 M 5) Maqamat mixes poetry and prose, pioneered by Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani. sometimes this contains more poetry The first person developing (al-maqamat al-Basyariyah), and there maqamat art in Arabic literature was a are also containing prose (al-maqamat language scientist namely Abu Bakar bin al-ashfahaniyah), and some witters Duraid (died 321 H). He had written 40 give equal portions consisting of poetry maqamats and these were the basis of and prose (al-maqamat al-Azdiyah) maqamat, but Ibn Duraid’s maqamat was (Zahir, 2004: 182). not famous (unknown). Then after Abu The maqamat elements are as follows: Bakar bin Duraid had appeared a language 1) Figures and narrators. scientist named Ahmad bin Faris (died 395 The figures are created according to AH) and he had written a number of the writter’s imagination, both are fixed maqamats, afterwards Badiuzzaman al- and do not change at each maqamat, Hamdani appeared. Maqamat was which changes only the condition and influenced by Ibn Faris and Ibn Duraid. So purpose (theme) of maqamat only. that Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani was known The figure is portrayed as a person with as the true pioneer of the Maqamat in the extensive knowledge, spontaneous, world of Arabic literature. According to al- people who presents anecdotes Tsa'alabi, the number of maqamats written (unique events, funny), many tactics by Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani is around (reason), people who are very willing 4000 maqamats (Zahir, 2004: 180). (accepting things with full willingness), After Badiuzzaman al-Hamdani, people who are volatile, disrupt or many writters had emerged; the most make a vague a situation. Sometimes famous were Abu Muhammad al-Qasim bin the people are portrayed as magicians, ‘Ali al-Hariri the owner of the maqamat deceiving people by seizing their known as maqamat al-Hariri.