AN ANALYSIS OF UTILIZATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA BY JACOB SHEKARI KURA GANDU DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, NIGERIA MAY, 2019 i AN ANALYSIS OF UTILIZATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA BY JACOB SHEKARI KURA GANDU (P16SSSG9037) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) IN SOCIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA MAY, 2019 ii DECLARATION I declare that the work in this dissertation entitled, ‘An Analysis of Utilization of Traditional Medicine in Kaduna State, Nigeria‘ has been performed by me in the Department of Sociology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this dissertation was previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other Institution. Jacob Shekari Kura GANDU ____________________ __________________ Name of Student Signature Date iii CERTIFICATION This dissertation entitled AN ANALYSIS OF UTILIZATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA BY JACOB SHEKARI KURA GANDU meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) of the Ahmadu Bello University, and is approved for its‘ contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Dr (READER) J. M. HELLANDENDU _____________________ ________________ Chairman Supervisory Committee Signature Date Professor J. A. OLUWABAMIDE _____________________ __________________ Member, Supervisory Committee Signature Date Professor B. TANIMU _____________________ _________________ Head of Department Signature Date Dean, Postgraduate School _____________________ _________________ Professor S.Z ABUBAKAR Signature Date iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank God Almighty for His sustenance and numerous blessings, protection and favours granted me throughout the course of this program. I am most grateful to my supervisors, Dr. (Reader) J. M. Hallendendu, Professor J.A. Oluwabamide and Dr Y.K. Gandu (late) for all the accessibility, tolerance, sound criticism and useful suggestions made during the supervision. In spite of their very busy schedule, they gave their time and best to the work. Thank you Sirs. My appreciation also goes to Professor. J. E. Gyong, Prof. B. F. Okeshola, Professor. A. Guga and Dr. Mudiare, Dr K. Adeyegboyega, Prof. J. Godswill, Prof. H.E.Yusuf, and Late Prof. S. Nkom for their concern, support and encouragement during the course of the research. I acknowledge the support of my friends and collegues Dr P. Njidika, Helen Ochi, Rev. K. Yamah, Engr. Y. Matashi and Dr Hussaina Dauda I equally appreciate my lovely children and wife, Joan, Sim, Mendwas, Sannom and Mponan and in addition Dr Emmanuel B., Dodo Peleg M., Gimbiya Peleg, Sarah Audu. My wonderful inlaws are not left out. I thank Mr and Mrs M. Audu, Mr and Mrs Yusuf Audu and Y.Y. Nyam for all the moral support given to me during the course of this study. Special thanks go to team of editors who diligently edited the work. To all of you I say a thank you. God bless you all. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Cover Page………………………………………………………………………… i Title page………………………………………………………………………….. ii Declaration page...………………………………………………………………… iii Certification……………………………………………………………………….. iv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….. v Table of Contents…………………………………………………………...……… vi List of Figures……………………………………………………………………… xi List of Tables….…………………………………………………………………… xii List of Plates…..…………………………………………………………………… xiv List of Appendices………………………………………………………………… xv Abbreviations………….…………………………………………………………… xvi Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… xvii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background to the Study…………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Statement of Research Problem……………………………………………. 6 1.2 Research Questions………………………………………………………… 9 vi 1.3 Aim and Objective of the Study…………………………………………… 9 1.4 Significance of the Study………………………………………………… 10 1.5 Scope of the Study……………………………….……………………… 13 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 15 2.1 traditional medicine: An Overview……………………………………… 15 2.2 Health Care Services Provided by Traditional Health Practitioners…….. 23 2.2.1 Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs)……………………………………... 24 2.2.2 Traditional Bone Setting (TBS)………………………………………...... 26 2.2.3 Traditional African Treatment and Rehabilitation of Mental Patients….... 32 2.2.4 Herbalist…………………………………………………………………... 33 2.2.5 Diviners and Faith Healers……………………………………………… 37 2.2.6 Traditional Surgeons…………………………………………………… 41 2.3 Health Issues for which Traditional Medical Services are Sought………. 42 2.4 The Socio Cultural and Economic Factors Influencing Patronage and Utilization of TM by Health Care Seeking Citizen…..……….…… 45 2.5 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Traditional Healers Clients……. 48 2.6 Criticism against Traditional Medicine………………………………….. 51 2.7 Nigeria‘s National Regulatory Policy on the Practice of Traditional Medicine……………………………………………............. 54 vii 2.7 Theoretical Perspective………………….…….. ………….……………. 58 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Location of the Study………………………………………………….. 67 3.2 Study Population…………………………………………………….…. 69 3.3 Sample Procedure …………………………………………………....... 70 3.4 Methods of Data Collection……………………………………………. 76 3.4.1 Quantitative Data Instruments…………………………………………. 76 3.4.2 Qualitative data Instruments…………………………………………… 78 3.5 Methods of data Analysis………………………………………………. 80 3.6 Challenges Faced in the Study…………………………………………. 81 3.7 Ethical Issues……………………………………………………...….. 82 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 83 4.1.2 Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Study Sample ……………. 83 4.1.3 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Interviewed Respondents..... 86 4.2 Health Care Services Provided by Traditional Health Practitioners…………………………………………………………... 88 4.2.1 Bone Setters………………………………………………….…………. 89 4.2.2 Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs)…………………………………... 93 4.2.3 Traditional Psychiatrists ………………………………………………... 97 4.2.4 Herbalists………………………………………………………………. 101 viii 4.2.5 Faith Healers……………………………..…….………………………. 106 4.2.6 Traditional Surgeons…………………………………………………… 108 4.3.7 Diviners (Yan Bori) …………………………………………………… 110 4.4 Health Challenges for which Traditional Medical Services are Sought………………………………………..……………………. 112 4.4.1 The Outcomes of Using Traditional Medicine………………………. 115 4.5 Socio-Cultural and Economic Factors Influencing Patronage and Utilisation of Traditional Health practitioners………………………….. 119 4.6 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Traditional Healers Clients………………………………………………………… 142 4.7 Government regulatory Framework on Traditional and Modern Medicine………………………………………………………………… 155 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF KEY FINDINGS 5.1 Discussion of Key Findings…………………………………………….. 160 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Summary of the Findings………………………………………………. 175 6.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………......... 178 6.4 Recommendations…………………………………………………...... 180 6.5 Suggestion for Further Research……………………………………… 183 ix REFERENCES…………………………………………………........ 184 Appendices…………………………………………..………………. 207 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The Behavioural Model of Health Services Utilisation .…………. 63 Figure 2.2 Modified Behavioural Model on Utilisation of Traditional Medicine……………………………………………… 65 Figure 6.1 Documentary model for traditional healers………………………. 183 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Place of Residence and Type of Traditional Medical Practitioner………………………………………………………..... 75 Table 4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents……. 84 Table 4.2 Types of Services Provided by Traditional Healers ………… ........ 88 Table 4.3 Types of Illnesses Traditional Medicine was Sought for by the respondents in the three Senatorial Zones of Kaduna State…... 113 Table 4.4. Patients Experiences with Traditional Medicine Treatment..…...... 115 Table 4.5 Types of Illness and respondents Satisfaction with Traditional Medicine Treatment……………………………………………….. 116 Table 4.6 Types of Illnesses and Efficacy of Traditional Healing ……………. 118 Table 4.7 Ethnicity and Cultural Affinity of Traditional Medicine……......... 120 Table 4.8 Place of Residence and Respondents‘ Perceptions of Accessibility of Traditional Medicine…………………………...... 123 Table 4.9 Respondents Perceptions of Affordability of Traditional Medicine and Monthly Income of Traditional Medicine…..……… 126 Table 4.10 Place of Residence and respondents Perception on Acceptability of Traditional Medicine……………………………………………. 128 Table 4.11 Respondent‘s Assessment of Efficacy of traditional Medicine xii by Sex……………………………………………………………… 132 Table 4.12 Respondents Views on Safety of Traditional Medicine…........... 138 Table 4.13 Gender and Ever Utilised Traditional Medicine………………… 142 Table 4.14 Level of Education and Utilization of Traditional Medicine........ 143 Table 4.15 Income Level and Utilization of Traditional Medicine………… 146 Table 4.16 Place of Residence and Ever Utilised Traditional Medicine…… 151 Table 4.17 Religious Affiliations and Ever Utilised Traditional Medicine.... 153 Table 4.18 Number of Times Patrons Used traditional medicine…………... 155 xiii LIST OF PLATES Plate I Traditional Herbs in Packages, Sachets and Sealed Bottles… … 235 Plate II Herbs in Sealed Containers…………………………………........