COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS AND LEXICAL CHANGE CURRENT ISSUES IN LINGUISTIC THEORY AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE – Series IV issn 0304-0763 General Editor E.F.K. KOERNER Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Typologie und Universalienforschung, Berlin [email protected] Associate Editor JOSEPH C. SALMONS University of Wisconsin-Madison Current Issues in Linguistic Theory (CILT) is a theory-oriented series which welcomes contributions from scholars who have significant proposals to make towards the advancement of our understanding of language, its structure, functioning and development. CILT has been established in order to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of linguistic opinions of scholars who do not necessarily accept the prevailing mode of thought in linguistic science. It offers an outlet for meaningful contributions to the current linguistic debate, and furnishes the diversity of opinion which a healthy discipline must have. A complete list of titles in this series can be found on http://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt Advisory Editorial Board Sheila Embleton (Toronto) Elly van Gelderen (Tempe, Ariz.) John E. Joseph (Edinburgh) Manfred Krifka (Berlin) Martin Maiden (Oxford) Martha Ratliff (Detroit, Mich.) E. Wyn Roberts (Vancouver, B.C.) Klaas Willems (Ghent) Volume 331 Natalya I. Stolova Cognitive Linguistics and Lexical Change. Motion Verbs from Latin to Romance COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS AND LEXICAL CHANGE MOTION VERBS FROM LATIN TO ROMANCE NATALYA I. STOLOVA Colgate University JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. doi 10.1075/cilt.331 Cataloging-in-Publication Data available from Library of Congress: lccn 2014015364 isbn 978 90 272 4850 3 (Hb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 6986 7 (e-book) © 2015 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Preface & Acknowledgments vii chapter 1 Objectives and key concepts 1 1.1 Goals of the present study 1 1.2 Motion verbs in the Romance language family 3 1.3 Levels of lexical change: Onomasiology and semasiology 5 1.4 The historical cognitive linguistics framework as a new type of diachrony 7 chapter 2 Cognitive onomasiology and cognitive typology of motion encoding 17 2.1 Cognitive onomasiology 17 2.2 Cognitive typology of motion encoding 19 chapter 3 Latin and Romance verb biographies 25 3.1 Generic motion 25 3.2 Direction-specific motion 30 3.3 Manner-specific motion 47 3.4 Biographical overview 51 chapter 4 Patterns of onomasiological continuity and change from Latin to Romance 53 4.1 Lexical continuity and lexical loss from Latin to Romance 53 4.2 Romance innovative lexical creation 64 4.3 Latin and Romance motion verbs as part of constructions 85 chapter 5 Cognitive semasiology and conceptual metaphor theory 89 5.1 Conceptual metaphor and motion source domain 89 5.2 Conceptual metaphor and the evolution of the Romance languages 94 Cognitive Linguistics and Lexical Change chapter 6 Semantic continuity and loss from Latin to Romance 101 6.1 Motion-based mappings shared by Latin and Romance 101 6.2 Motion-based semantic continuity and loss within a wider context 146 chapter 7 Romance innovative semantic developments 149 7.1 Pan-Romance semantic innovations 149 7.2 Language-specific semantic innovations 159 7.3 Semantic innovations through borrowing 161 7.4 Written evidence and the latent state 165 7.5 Motion-based semantic innovations within a wider context 167 chapter 8 Implications for the cognitive typology of motion encoding 169 8.1 Refining the cognitive typology of motion encoding across languages 169 8.2 Toward a diachrony-inclusive cognitive typology of motion encoding 177 chapter 9 Implications for the conceptual metaphor theory 191 9.1 Conceptual metaphors across language families 191 9.2 Universal and language-specific conceptual metaphors: Historical Latin and Romance data as testing ground 195 chapter 10 Conclusions 199 References 209 Index of languages and language families 255 Index of subjects and terms 257 Preface & Acknowledgments My interest in the development of motion verbs from Latin to Romance goes back to my doctoral dissertation of 2003 at the University of Pennsylvania under the supervision of Paul M. Lloyd. His passionate interest in historical Romance lin- guistics and his distinguished scholarship, especially his monumental From Latin to Spanish (1987), have been a great source of inspiration for me. An important point in the writing process of the present monograph was my participation in the 8th International Conference on Late and Vulgar Latin held at St Catherine’s College, Oxford in September 2006. It offered me the first opportunity to present some of the study’s key findings. I am especially grateful to the conference organizer and editor of its proceedings, Roger Wright (University of Liverpool), for his comments on my paper (Stolova 2008) and for discussing with me on several occasions my progress on this book. I am also thankful to the president of the ses- sion at which I gave my paper, Benjamín García-Hernández (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), for providing me with his publications on Latin preverbation. Another venue which provided me with helpful feedback on some of the pres- ent study’s main findings was the session on historical and contrastive description of the Romance languages at the 25th International Congress on Romance Lin- guistics and Philology held at the University of Innsbruck in September 2007. I am particularly grateful to the session’s president, Peter Koch (University of Tübingen), for taking his time to discuss with me at length my presentation which was later published in the Congress’ proceedings (Stolova 2010a).1 My gratitude also goes to Joel Rini (University of Virginia), Donald Tuten (Emory University), Yanira B. Paz and Haralambos Symeonidis (both at the Uni- versity of Kentucky), who were the organizers of the sessions on Hispanic and Romance linguistics at the annual Kentucky Foreign Language Conference which I have been attending since 2006. Although at the University of Kentucky I spoke mostly on topics other than the topic of the present book, I always tried to inte- grate historical Romance data with cognitive linguistics, posing the following questions: (1) How can the cognitive framework help us explain the developments attested from Latin to Romance and (2) How can the developments attested from 1. Earlier, in 2004, Prof. Koch had kindly provided me with papers of his on cognitive his- torical Romance onomasiology and semasiology. Cognitive Linguistics and Lexical Change Latin to Romance help us refine and expand the cognitive framework? The fact that my audience found these questions stimulating, gave me the inspiration to advance these questions with regard to lexical change. Another source of inspiration has been the work of Steven N. Dworkin (University of Michigan) on Spanish and Romance lexical change. I am thankful to him for providing me with his publications and for offering helpful comments and suggestions on earlier versions of parts of the manuscript. I have also greatly benefited from the conversations with David A. Pharies (University of Florida) about Latin and Romance word-formation and with Christopher J. Pountain (Queen Mary, University of London) about the phenomenon of capitalization. I am likewise grateful to Mark Davies (Brigham Young University) for discussing with me the textual composition, architecture, and interface of his Corpus del Español (Davies 2007): a number of Spanish examples in Chapters 6 and 7 of the book derive from this 100 million word historical corpus. I would also like to thank several persons at my home University where I have been working since 2003. I am grateful to the staff at the Inter-Library Loan Depart- ment at Colgate library, particularly its Coordinator Ann Ackerson, for patiently helping me access the difficult-to-get multi-volume materials. At the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures I would like to thank my colleagues Frederick Luciani, Fernando Plata Parga, Patrick Riley, and Franziska Merklin for answering my questions about Spanish, French, and Italian. I am also thankful to Oana Patilea, Colgate University Class of 2012 and a native speaker of Romanian, for sharing with me her linguistic insights. My most sincere thanks also go to Patricia Ryan for going over my manuscript with me and making excellent suggestions on its English style. My work with both Ms. Patilea and Ms. Ryan was sponsored by the Colgate Univer- sity Research Council, whose support I hereby gratefully acknowledge. I have long admired the Current Issues in Linguistic Theory (CILT) series for combining linguistic data with theoretical advances. Because this book is both data-driven and theory-oriented, I would like to thank the General Editor of the CILT series, E.F.K. Koerner, for taking on this project and for supporting my work throughout all its stages with extraordinary dedication, remarkable patience, and generous help. Special thanks are also due to the three anonymous referees who read my manuscript with great care and offered detailed comments, constructive criticism, and valuable suggestions, all of which allowed me to refine my ideas and improve their presentation. Needless to say, I am the only one responsible for any remaining shortcoming. Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to Anke de Looper and Patricia Leplae at John Benjamins for their most professional assistance throughout the production process. Hamilton, N.Y., March 2014 Natalya I.