Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Flower Seeds Biology and Technology A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.prn 1 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Monday, November 08, 2004 9:38:02 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.prn 2 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Monday, November 08, 2004 9:38:02 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Flower Seeds Biology and Technology Edited by Miller B. McDonald Department of Horticulture and Crop Science Ohio State University USA and Francis Y. Kwong PanAmerican Seed Company West Chicago Illinois USA CABI Publishing A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.prn 3 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Monday, November 08, 2004 9:38:02 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org ©CAB International 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Flower seeds : biology and technology / edited by Miller B. McDonald and Francis Y. Kwong. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-906-9 (alk. paper) 1. Seeds. 2. Flowers--Seeds. I. McDonald, M. B. II. Kwong, Francis Y. III. Title. SB117.F59 2005 635.9′1521--dc22 2004007865 ISBN 0 85199 906 9 Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. A4897 - Mcdonald - 004.prn 4 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Friday, November 19, 2004 2:15:09 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Contents Contributors vii Acknowledgements ix 1 Introduction to Flower Seeds and the Flower Seed Industry 1 Miller B. McDonald and Francis Y. Kwong 2 History of the Flower Seed Industry 7 Nona Koivula 3 Ornamental Bedding Plant Industry and Plug Production 27 Debbie Hamrick 4 The Uses and Potential of Wildflower Seed in Landscaping 39 Gene P. Milstein Colour plate sections for Chapters 4 and 5 between pages 54 and 55 5 Breeding Flower Seed Crops 53 Neil O. Anderson 6 Factors Affecting Flowering in Ornamental Plants 87 John Erwin 7 Seed Development and Structure in Floral Crops 117 Deborah J. Lionakis Meyer Colour plate section for Chapter 7 between pages 118 and 119 8 Flower Seed Physiology and Plug Germination 145 Miller B. McDonald 9 Seed Dormancy in Wild Flowers 163 Carol C. Baskin and Jerry M. Baskin v A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.prn 5 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Monday, November 08, 2004 9:38:03 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees vi Contents 10 Flower Seed Longevity and Deterioration 187 Miller B. McDonald 11 Flower Seed Production 207 Francis Y. Kwong 12 Flower Seed Cleaning and Grading 225 Francis Y. Kwong, Ruth L. Sellman, Henk Jalink and Rob van der Schoor 13 Flower Seed Priming, Pregermination, Pelleting and Coating 249 G. Tonko Bruggink 14 Laboratory Germination Testing of Flower Seed 263 Marian Stephenson and Jolan Mari Colour plate section for Chapter 14 between pages 278 and 279 15 Tetrazolium Testing for Flower Seeds 299 Annette Miller Colour plate section for Chapter 15 between pages 310 and 311 16 Vigour Testing in Flower Seeds 311 Robert L. Geneve 17 Conserving Herbaceous Ornamental Plant Germplasm 333 David Tay 18 Conclusions 357 Francis Y. Kwong and Miller B. McDonald Index 363 A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.prn 6 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Monday, November 08, 2004 9:38:03 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Contributors Anderson, N.O., Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA. Baskin, C.C., Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USAand Department of Agronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0321, USA. Baskin, J.M., Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA. Bruggink, G.T., Syngenta Seeds B.V., Westeinde 62, 1601 BK Enkhuizen, The Netherlands. Erwin, J., Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA. Geneve, R.L., Department of Horticulture, N318 Agriculture Science North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA. Hamrick, D., FloraCulture International, 2960 Claremont Road, Raleigh, NC 27608, USA. Jalink, H., Plant Research International, Bornsesteeg 65, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands. Koivula, N., All-America Selections® and the National Garden Bureau, 1311 Butterfield Road, Suite 310, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA. Kwong, F.Y., PanAmerican Seed Company, 622 Town Road, West Chicago, IL 60185-2698, USA. Lionakis Meyer, D.J., Seed Laboratory, Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832-1448, USA. Mari, J., PanAmerican Seed Company, 622 Town Road, West Chicago, IL 60185-2698, USA. McDonald, M.B, Seed Biology Program, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1086, USA. Miller, A., USDA/ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street., Fort Collins, CO 80521-4500, USA. Milstein, G.P., Applewood Seed Company, 5380 Vivian Street, Arvada, CO 80002, USA. Sellman, R.L., PanAmerican Seed Company, 622 Town Road, West Chicago, IL 60185-2698, USA. Stephenson, M., California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832, USA. Tay, D., Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center, 670 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210-1086, USA. van der Schoor, R., Plant Research International, Bornsesteeg 65, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands. vii A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.prn 7 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Monday, November 08, 2004 9:38:03 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.prn 8 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Monday, November 08, 2004 9:38:03 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Acknowledgements The editors and publishers wish to thank the Ball Horticultural/PanAmerican Seed Company for a contribution towards the cost of printing colour plates in this book. ix A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.prn 9 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Monday, November 08, 2004 9:38:03 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.prn 10 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Monday, November 08, 2004 9:38:03 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees 1 Introduction to Flower Seeds and the Flower Seed Industry Miller B. McDonald1 and Francis Y. Kwong2 1Seed Biology Program, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1086, USA; 2PanAmerican Seed Company, 622 Town Road, West Chicago, IL 60185-2698, USA Floriculture is a small, but significant, agricultural income, the floral industry component of the global economy. A recent represented 7.3% in 1994 and increased to European study (Hannover University, 2003) 9.8% in 2002 (Fig. 1.2). estimated the worldwide production value Great diversity exists in the use of flowers of flowers to be around ?60 billion. The both from a geographical and from a historic North American production totalled about perspective. The incorporation of bedding 10% of this amount. The retail floriculture plants into our gardens can be traced back to industry has been steadily increasing in size the early 19th century when colourful annu- and importance. For example, in the USA, als and tender ornamentals were imported retail sales of flowers have increased from to Europe from the Americas, South Africa US$4.7 billion in 1980 to US$19 billion in and Asia. From the onset, domestication of 2002 (Fig. 1.1). In comparison with overall exotic plant species has been a mainstay in the 20 18 16 14 12 10 $ (billions) 8 6 4 2 0 1980 1981 1982 19831984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199019911992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 19981999 20002001 2002 Year Fig. 1.1. The value of the American retail floral industry in US dollars from 1980 to 2002. ©CAB International 2005. Flower Seeds: Biology and Technology (eds M.B. McDonald and F.Y. Kwong) 1 A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.prn 11 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4844 - Mcdonald + kwong\A4897 - Mcdonald - Voucher Proofs #G.vp Monday, November 08, 2004 9:38:04 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees 2 Miller B. McDonald and Francis Y. Kwong 12.0 10.0 9.8 9.3 8.9 9.0 8.1 8.0 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.0 Per cent 4.0 2.0 0.0 1994 1995 19961997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Year Fig. 1.2. The percentage contribution of the floral industry to American agriculture from 1994 to 2002.