A WORLDWIDE MARSUPIALS DATABASE APPLIED TO BIOGEOGRAPHY AND PHYLOGENETICS Margarita Medina PhD Candidate Institute for Applied Ecology May 2016 PhD Research Project Datasets: 1)Spatial database 2)Phylogenetic database Biogeography and Phylogenetic Conservation Evolution Measures Australia and New Guinea Americas Marsupials ~ 330 species 100 – 110 spp 220 – 230 spp Ameridelphia Orders Australidelphia Orders Didelphimorphia (opossums) Diprotodontia (kangaroos, Paucituberculata (shrew possums, wombats and koalas) opossums) Peramelemorphia (Bandicoots and Microbiotheria (monito del bilbies) monte) Dasyuromorphia(carnivorous marsupials) Notoryctemorphia (marsupial mole) Information: T a x o n o m y DATASETS D a t e L o c a l i t y C o u n t r y Spatial location Conservation Spatial Database status(IUCN) Other museum collections… Spatial Database 833,910 spatial records were obtained globally Phylogenetics Database Other sources… M u l t i - g e n e s : Mitochondrial(20) N u c l e a r ( 5 ) PROBLEMS Missing data, lat-long, dates Taxonomy Wrong geolocation Lack of information for some species Short sequences PHYLOGENY 284 marsupial species ten outgroup taxa: two monotremes and 10 eight placental mammals. The matrix contains a total of 33,767 bp. The tree topology estimated under maximum likelihood and Bayesian frameworks using RAxML and MrBayes v3.2.1 Dated Phylogeny (BEAST) EXTINCTION Extinct in the last 200 years… Perameles eremiana Lagorchestes leporides Caloprymnus campestris Macrotis leucura Lagorchestes asomatus Desert bandicoot Eastern Hare-wallaby Desert rat-kangaroo Lesser bilby Central Hare-wallaby 1875 1889 1901 1935~ 1939 1950’s 1950’s 1960’s 1962 1982 1982 Potorous platyops Chaeropus ecaudatus Macropus greyi Onychogalea lunata Cryptonanus ignitus Thylacinus Broad-faced potoroo Pig-footed bandicoot Toolache Crescent Nailtail Red-bellied Gracile cynocephalus wallaby Wallaby Mouse opossum Tasmanian tiger Main causes of extinction: invasive species, habitat destruction, fragmentation Other causes: hunting, trade, climate change, competition Extinction mapped on the phylogeny Paucituberculata IUCN CONSERVATION Extinction mapped on the phylogeny STATUS Paucituberculata Thylamys velutinus NT Thylamys karimii Didelphimorphia Pattern? LC EX CR DD Monodelphis reigi Microbiotheria Monodelphis umbristriata Monodelphis americana Marmosa xerophila + Didelphimorphia Microbiotheria Isoodon obesulus Isoodon auratus Perameles eremiana+ Perameles bougainville Rhynchomeles prattorum Echymipera clara Peramelemorphia Peroryctes broadbenti Peroryctes raffrayana Macrotis lagotis Chaeropus ecaudatus + Peramelemorphia Thylacinus cynocephalus+ Sminthopsis leucopus Sminthopsis dolichura Sminthopsis butleri + Sminthopsis psammophila + Sminthopsis aitkeni Sminthopsis griseoventer Dasyuromorphia Dasyurus hallucatus Sarcophilus harrisii Parantechinus apicalis Dasycercus cristicauda Dasyuroides byrnei Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis Pseudantechinus mimulus Micromurexia habbema Paramurexia rothschildi DasyuromorphiaNotoryctemorphia Myrmecobius fasciatus Ailurops ursinus Dasyuromorphia Strigocuscus celebensis Spilocuscus rufoniger Spilocuscus maculatus Phalanger orientalis Phalanger lullulae Burramys parvus Lagostrophus fasciatus Onychogalea unguifera Onychogalea fraenata Setonix brachyurus Lagorchestes conspicillatus Lagorchestes hirsutus Thylogale brunii Thylogale browni Thylogale calabyi IUCN CONSERVATION STATUS Dendrolagus goodfellowi Dendrolagus matschiei Dendrolagus dorianus Dendrolagus inustus EX Petrogale persephone CR Bettongia penicillata Bettongia tropica EN Diprotodontia VU NT Potorous longipes Potorous platyops + LC Caloprymnus campestris+ DD Potorous gilbertii Petaurus norfolcensis Petaurus gracilis Petaurus abidi Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Compressed clade Lasiorhinus latifrons Lasiorhinus krefftii DasyuromorphiaNotoryctemorphia 10 IUCN CONSERVATION STATUS EX CR EN Diprotodontia VU NT + LC + DD Potorous gilbertii Petaurus abidi Compressed clade Extinction mapped on the phylogeny Paucituberculata Didelphimorphia Microbiotheria + Peramelemorphia + + Dasyuromorphia IUCN CONSERVATION Extinction mapped on the phylogeny STATUS Paucituberculata NT Thylamys velutinus Thylamys karimii Pattern? LC EX CR DD Monodelphis reigi Dasyuromorphia Monodelphis umbristriata Monodelphis americana Marmosa xerophila Didelphimorphia Microbiotheria Isoodon obesulus Isoodon auratus Perameles eremiana+ Perameles bougainville Rhynchomeles prattorum Echymipera clara Peramelemorphia Peroryctes broadbenti Peroryctes raffrayana Macrotis lagotis Chaeropus ecaudatus + Thylacinus cynocephalus+ Sminthopsis leucopus Sminthopsis dolichura Sminthopsis butleri Sminthopsis psammophila Sminthopsis aitkeni Sminthopsis griseoventer Dasyuromorphia Dasyurus hallucatus Sarcophilus harrisii Parantechinus apicalis Dasycercus cristicauda Dasyuroides byrnei Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis Pseudantechinus mimulus IUCN CONSERVATION STATUS Micromurexia habbema Paramurexia rothschildi Notoryctemorphia Dasyuromorphia Myrmecobius fasciatus Ailurops ursinus EX Strigocuscus celebensis Spilocuscus rufoniger Spilocuscus maculatus Phalanger orientalis Phalanger lullulae CR Burramys parvus Lagostrophus fasciatus Onychogalea unguifera Onychogalea fraenata Setonix brachyurus EN Lagorchestes conspicillatus Lagorchestes hirsutus Diprotodontia VU Thylogale brunii Thylogale browni Thylogale calabyi NT IUCN CONSERVATION LC STATUS + Dendrolagus goodfellowi Dendrolagus matschiei DD Dendrolagus dorianus + Dendrolagus inustus EX Potorous gilbertii Petrogale persephone CR Bettongia penicillata Bettongia tropica EN Diprotodontia VU NT Potorous longipes Potorous platyops + LC Caloprymnus campestris+ DD Potorous gilbertii Petaurus abidi Petaurus norfolcensis Petaurus gracilis Petaurus abidi Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Compressed clade Compressed clade Lasiorhinus latifrons Lasiorhinus krefftii 10 Extinction mapped on the phylogeny IUCN CONSERVATION Paucituberculata STATUS Thylamys velutinus Thylamys karimii NT LC Pattern? EX CR Monodelphis reigi DD Monodelphis umbristriata Monodelphis americana Marmosa xerophila Didelphimorphia Microbiotheria Isoodon obesulus Isoodon auratus Perameles eremiana+ Perameles bougainville Rhynchomeles prattorum Echymipera clara Paucituberculata Peramelemorphia Peroryctes broadbenti Peroryctes raffrayana Macrotis lagotis Chaeropus ecaudatus + Thylacinus cynocephalus+ Sminthopsis leucopus Sminthopsis dolichura Sminthopsis butleri Sminthopsis psammophila Thylamys karimii Sminthopsis aitkeni Sminthopsis griseoventer Dasyuromorphia Dasyurus hallucatus Sarcophilus harrisii Parantechinus apicalis Monodelphis reigi Dasycercus cristicauda Dasyuroides byrnei Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis Pseudantechinus mimulus Monodelphis umbristriata Micromurexia habbema Paramurexia rothschildi Dasyuromorphia Myrmecobius fasciatus Notoryctemorphia Ailurops ursinus Strigocuscus celebensis Spilocuscus rufoniger Spilocuscus maculatus Marmosa xerophila Phalanger orientalis Phalanger lullulae Burramys parvus Didelphimorphia Lagostrophus fasciatus Onychogalea unguifera Onychogalea fraenata Setonix brachyurus Lagorchestes conspicillatus Lagorchestes hirsutus Microbiotheria Dromiciops gliroides ? Thylogale brunii Thylogale browni Thylogale calabyi IUCN CONSERVATION STATUS Dendrolagus goodfellowi Dendrolagus matschiei Dendrolagus dorianus Dendrolagus inustus EX Petrogale persephone CR Bettongia penicillata Bettongia tropica EN Diprotodontia VU NT Microbiotheria Potorous longipes Potorous platyops + LC Caloprymnus campestris+ DD Potorous gilbertii Dromiciops gliroides Petaurus norfolcensis Petaurus gracilis Petaurus abidi Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Branch Length: 55.5 my Compressed clade Lasiorhinus latifrons Lasiorhinus krefftii 10 A PARTICULAR CASE… Monito del monte / Monkey of the mountains (Dromiciops gliroides) Order: Microbiotheria Characteristics: 13cm length + 9cm tail 16 to 42 g Shorter limbs compared to Marmosas Distribution: 90% Chile and 10% Argentina In Nothofagus forests Closest relatives Australian marsupials BIOGEOGRAPHY… OUR HYPOTHESIS Dispersal 1 (Duplication events?) free flow between SA, ANT & AUS Supercontinent 60 MYA Vicariance 1 Extinction 1 Dispersal 2 Radiation 1 Australia 41 MYA Vicariance 2 Extinction 2 Radiation 2 Final split 28 MYA BIOGEOBEARS RESULTS Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Diprotodontia Notoryctemorphia BSM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Research Group: Supervisors and other participants PhD colleagues and friends Thank you!!!.