Notes Introduction English Worthies: The Age of Expansion Remembered 1. Fuller, History of the Worthies of England (London, 1662), 318/Sss2v (pagination to both editions is unreliable; I have given page numbers where these seem useful, followed by signature). Subsequent citations to the two editions of Fuller’s work are given in the text as Worthies 1684 or Worthies 1662. 2. For copies of Hariot, I have consulted the online English Short Title Catalogue (ESTC) at http://estc.bl.uk (accessed July 2007). 3. I am indebted for these references to Matthew Day’s excellent thesis on Hakluyt, Richard Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations (1598–1600) and the Textuality of Tudor English Nationalism. (D. Phil., York, 2003). 4. Hakluyt’s 1589 collection included a brief account of the circumnavi- gation summarized from a manuscript no longer extant—these “Drake leaves,” 12 folio sides of black letter text, fall between pages 643 and 644 but are themselves unpaginated, an indication that they were added at some point after the rest of the volume had gone to press. The first full-length account of Drake’s epochal voyage in English, The World Encompassed, did not appear until 1628, several decades after Drake’s death. 5. Cal. S.P. For. 1584–85, 19:108. Harry Kelsey thinks the reference is to the circumnavigation of 1577–80 (Sir Francis Drake: The Queen’s Pirate [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998], 178). Mary Frear Keeler believes the reference is to evolving plans for what became Drake’s voyage to the West Indies in 1585–86 (Sir Francis Drake’s West Indian Voyage. Hakluyt Society Publications. 2nd ser., no. 148. [London: Hakluyt Society, 1981]). I lean to Keeler’s view. Kelsey remarks in general that Drake’s reputation “was created by his ene- mies”: Spanish colonists in the West Indies lauded his abilities as a way of explaining their failure successfully to resist him; Spanish historians anticipated by several years accounts of Drake by the English chroni- clers William Camden and Edmund Howes (Drake, 394). 6. On Dutch perspectives on the Armada, see Jonathan Israel and Geoffrey Parker, “Of Providence and Protestant Winds: The Spanish Armada of 1588 and the Dutch Armada of 1688,” in Israel, ed., The Anglo Dutch Moment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). 176 N otes 7. David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1989), esp. ca. 117. 8. BL Harleian MS 167/42, ff. 184r–200r; printed in James McDermott, Third Voyage of Martin Frobisher (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001), 105–131. 9. Richard Hakluyt, ed., Principal Navigations (London, 1598–1600); reprint, 12 vols. (Glasgow: Hakluyt Society, 1903–05), 7:250. Further page references will be given to the 1903–05 edition as PN. 10. Mary C. Fuller, Voyages in Print: English Travel to America 1576–1624 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 11. The text transcribed is Worthies 1684, 90–91/H5v–H6r. This copy of the 1632 edition of Generall Historie is Huntington RR3346, discussed in chapter 2. Both Fuller and the annotator have misiden- tified Smith’s birthplace as being in Cheshire, rather than in Lincolnshire. 12. The epitaph was reproduced in Anthony Munday and Henry Dyson’s enlarged edition of John Stow, Survey of London (London, 1633), and is reprinted in Charles Deane, ed., The Last Will and Testament of Captain John Smith (Cambridge: John Wilson, 1867), 6–7. 13. The heading reads: “To the living memory of his deceased friend, Captain John Smith.” Smith’s use of the third person for first-person observations makes such a conclusion tentative. His will, dated the day of his death, allocates 20 pounds to be spent on the funeral, with- out any further instructions; in addition to real estate and movable possessions, the will anticipates a total of about 120 pounds in cash, of which the funeral expenses thus represent a significant amount. Smith’s executor (and heir to his properties in Lincolnshire, along with his coat of arms) was Thomas Packer, one of the clerks of his Majesty’s Privy Seal (Barbour, Works 3:382–3). 14. On Drake’s writing activities, see Kelsey, Sir Francis Drake, 302–304. 15. William Monson, The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, M. Oppenheim, ed., 6 vols., (London: Navy Records Society, 1902–14), 4:271 (subsequent citations in the text as Naval Tracts); cited in N.A.M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649 (London: Norton, 1998), 302. The circumnaviga- tor Thomas Cavendish’s journal of his second attempt at circumnavi- gation in 1591–92 makes for unpleasant reading; produced as he slid into madness, it was—fortunately for his reputation—not published in full until the late twentieth century. The journal came to Purchas through Hakluyt, and an excerpted version was published in Pilgrimes (London, 1625). D.B. Quinn gives the details in his introduction to the facsimile edition of the holograph, The Last Voyage of Thomas Cavendish 1591–92 (Chicago: Published for the Newberry Library by the University of Chicago Press, 1975). 16. James McDermott, Martin Frobisher: Elizabethan Privateer (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001), xiv. N otes 177 17. ESTC may not list all existing copies, but provides at least a reasonable idea of the rate at which a book has survived. 18. Pamela Neville-Sington, “The Primary Purchas Bibliography,” in L.E. Pennington, ed., Purchas Handbook (London: Hakluyt Society, 1997), 2:551–69. 19. John Pinkerton, preface to A General Collection of ...Voyages and Travels (London, 1808), 1: vi. 20. McDermott points out that Frobisher came from different origins than did the other men. His name is often grouped with those of Grenville, Hawkins, Drake and Ralegh; yet the implied association is misleading. Though these men may have shared a physical proximity with Frobisher at certain times during their careers, their society [i.e., their upbringing and social standing] was not his ...All these men’s lives have become part of the currency of events- history, and thus they have been given a community of identity that is entirely spurious. They shared with Frobisher a number of mutual connections, and in some cases, a life passed upon the deck of a wooden ship; and that is all. (Martin Frobisher, 425–6) 21. Smyth claimed John Smith as an ancestor, but as Smith had no direct descendents the ancestry was chosen rather than actual. Two other works that reference Smith on nautical terms are Peter Earle, The Last Fight of the Revenge (London: Collins & Brown, 1992), and Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea. 22. Walt Whitman, Democratic Vistas, in Walt Whitman, ed. Mark van Doren, rev. Malcolm Cowley (New York: Viking, 1974), 379. 23. Smith’s chivalry is often characterized as weirdly out of place— temporally, socially, generically, culturally. See Moses Coit Tyler, A History of American Literature Vol. I (1607–1676) (New York: G.B. Putnam’s Sons, 1879), 18; John Seelye, Prophetic Waters: The River in Early American Life and Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 61; Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World. American Culture: The Formative Years (New York: Viking Press, 1964), 71. 24. See Worthies 1662, Chap. 8: “Of soldiers and seamen, with the neces- sity to encourage the trade of fishing.” 25. Elizabeth I’s minister William Cecil had attempted to institute secular days of fasting—or abstinence from meat—for this purpose. Evidently they fell into abeyance. 26. “Elegy 19: To His Mistress Going to Bed,” in John Carey, ed., John Donne (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990). 27. Peter Pope gives the most recent perspective on the settlement debate in Fish into Wine: The Newfoundland Plantation in the 17th-Century (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute, 2004). 178 N otes 28. Games, Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999). 1 Sea-Dogs: Frobisher, Grenville, and the Definition of National Selves 1. Richard Hakluyt, “Epistle Dedicatorie,” PN 1: xxi. 2. George Best, “A true discourse of the three Voyages of discoverie” (PN 7:250–375). I also refer to two other sources on Frobisher as printed by Hakluyt: “The first voyage of Master Martin Frobisher, to the Northwest,...written by Christopher Hall, . .1576” and “The second voyage of Master Martin Frobisher ...Written by Master Dionise Settle” (PN 7:204–211, 211–30). The account by Best appeared in 1578 as A true discourse of the late voyages of discouerie: for the finding of a passage to Cathaya, by the Northvveast (London, 1578), reprinted in Vilhjalmur Stefansson and Eloise McCaskill, eds., The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, 2 vols. (London: Argonaut Press, 1938). Settle’s account was also published separately, as A true reporte of the last voyage . by Capteine Frobisher (London, 1577). The 1577 text is printed in David B. Quinn, ed., New American World: A Documentary History of North America to 1612, 5 vols. (New York: Arno Press and Hector Bye, 1979), 4:207–216. (Subsequent references given in text as “NAW”). Visual images related to the Frobisher voyages are surveyed in William C. Sturtevant and David Beers Quinn, “This New Prey: Eskimos in Europe in 1567, 1576, and 1577,” in Christian F. Feest, ed., Indians and Europe: An Interdisciplinary Collection of Essays (Aachen: Rader-Verlag, 1987), 61–140. 3. Walter Ralegh, “A report of the trueth of the fight about the Isles of Acores . .” (PN 7:38–53); published anonymously as A report of the truth of the fight about the Iles of Açores (London, 1591). References are to the PN text. I also refer to “A large testimony of John Huighen van Linschoten Hollander, concerning the worthy exploits atchieved by the right honourable Earle of Cumberland, By Sir Martine Frobisher, Sir Richard Greenvile, and divers other English Captaines, about the Isles of the Acores, and upon the coasts of Spaine and Portugall .