TRANSACTIONS OF THE WOOLHOPE NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB HEREFORDSHIRE "HOPE ON" "HOPE EVER" ESTABLISHED 1851 VOLUME XLIX 1999 PART III TRANSACTIONS OF THE WOOLHOPE NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB HEREFORDSHIRE "HOPE ON" "HOPE EVER" ESTABLISHED 1851 VOLUME XLIX 1999 PART III TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Proceedings, 1997 1 1998 161 1999 335 Stretton Grandison: Settlement and Landscape, by Jean O'Donnell 13 Excavation of a Ring-ditched Enclosure with Romano-British Pottery, by the late Elizabeth Taylor - - - - 28 The Charter Bounds of Acton Beauchamp, by C. W. M. Pratt - 33 The Open Fields of Richards Castle: Changing Landscape, by Patricia Cross 47 Longtown Castle: a report on excavations by J. Nicholls, 1978, by Peter Ellis 64 Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club 1999 The Development of Widemarsh Street, Hereford. An Archaeological C 2002 Perspective, by Richard Stone - - - - 85 All contributions to The Woolhope Transactions are COPYRIGHT. None of them Edward Skynner of Ledbury, Clothier and the New House, by J. W. King - 101 may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the writers. Applications to reproduce contributions, in whole or in Charles Pugh and the permanent establishment of Printing in Hereford, part, should be addressed in the first instance, to the editor whose address is given in by J. Buchanan-Brown - - - - 111 the LIST OF OFFICERS. The Rebuilding of the Wallace Hall Monument, by Heather Hurley - 122 The Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club is not responsible for any statement made, or opinion expressed, in these Transactions; the authors alone are responsible for their Tufa Formation Today and in the Past, by Beryl Harding own papers and reports. - 170 Charity Regd. No. 521000 Archaeological Excavation at 46 Commercial Street, Hereford, by Richard Stone - 182 Excavation at the Buttercross, Leominster, Herefordshire, by J. D. Hurst, E. A. Pearson and S. Ratkai - - 215 Farm Labour Losses in Two Contrasting Regions of England and Wales from 1851 to 1985, by Joan Grundy - - - - - - 262 Some Benefactors of Herefordshire in Bygone Days, by Clarence Attfield - 342 Coppices and Commoners: An Account of Richards Castle Woodlands, by Patricia Cross - - - - - - 364 The Natural History of Herefordshire: John Aubrey's projected Tract, by John Buchanan-Brown - - - 379 John Gethin, Surveyor of the County Bridges, by P. S. M. Cross-Rudkin and P. T. Shaw - - 404 REPORTS OF SECTIONAL RECORDERS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Archaeology, 1997, by R. Shoesmith - 123 Stretton Grandison: Settlement and Landscape 1998, by R. Shoesmith - 279 1999, by R. Shoesmith - 422 Pl. I Stretton Grandison II St. Lawrence's Church, Stretton Grandison in 1832 Botany, 1997, by P. Thomson using Herefordshire Botanical Society Records - 131 by Katharine Poole 1998, by P. Thomson using Herefordshire Botanical Society Records - 295 III The church in 1840 by Anne Beale 1999, by P. Thomson using Herefordshire Botanical Society Records - 450 IV New House in 1984 Buildings, 1997, by J. W. Tonkin - - 134 V Stretton Grandison Vicarage in 1832 by Frances Poole 1998, by J. W. Tonkin - - 300 1999, by J. W. Tonkin - - 453 VI Homend in 1831 by Frances Poole VII Side view of Homend in 1871 by Madeline Hopton - 458 Herefordshire Field-Names, 1999, by G. Sprackling Fig. 1 Roman crossroads and finds in Stretton Grandison 14 Mammals, 1997, by Beryl Harding 146 2 The medieval village and diverted road through former plots 17 1998, by Beryl Harding 319 3 Late 17th-century map showing Stretton as part of the manor 21 1999, by Beryl Harding 462 Excavations of a Ring-ditched Enclosure Ornithology, 1997, by Beryl Harding - 148 1998, by Beryl Harding - 321 Fig. 1 Ring-ditched Enclosure, Lord's Wood. Site Plan 28 1999, by Beryl Harding - 463 2 Section of Trench C through ditch and bank 30 City of Hereford, Conservation Area Advisory Committee, 3 Bronze Fibula drawn by Lyn Harper 31 1997, by Jean O'Donnell - 152 1998, by Jean O'Donnell - 324 The Charter Bounds of Acton Beauchamp - 467 1999, by Jean O'Donnell Fig. 1 Facsimile of Anglo-Saxon boundary clauses of Acton derived from Bond (1877) 35 Natural History Section, 1997, by Beryl Harding - - 154 1998, by Beryl Harding - - 326 2 The present parish boundary of Acton Beauchamp 37 1999, by Beryl Harding - - 469 The Open Fields of Richards Castle: Changing Landscape Hereford Museum Acquisitions 1998-99, by Judy Stevenson - 479 Fig. 1 Open Fields of the parish of Richards Castle 48 2 Survey of Mr. Henry Jordan's Estate 1743 54-5 Weather Statistics, 1999, by E. H. Ward - - 483 3 The Bury Farm 1680 57 484 Rules of the Club 4 The Rock Estate 1867 61 List of Presidents - 486 Longtown Castle List of Members - 488 Pl. VIII Wall in N. bailey, view E. IX Post-medieval building in the S. bailey, view N.W. Fig. 1 Location of Longtown and Lacy marcher castles 66 3a period 2 188 2 Longtown Castle and village 68 b period 3 3 The castle earthworks 70 4a period 4 190 4 Medieval and post-medieval features in interior b period 5 of keep at 1: 125 74 5 Ceramic material (Scale 1:4) 195 5 Section across the great tower at 1: 50 75 6 Ceramic material (Scale 1:4) 197 6 Sections in the great tower at 1: 50 77 7 Ceramic material (Scale 1:4) 198 7 Map of 1718 81 8 Ceramic material (Scale 1:4) 200 The Development of Widemarsh Street, Hereford 9 Ceramic material (Scale 1:4) 201 10 Ceramic material (Scale 1:4) Pl. X Widemarsh Gate from the N. in the late 18th century 202 XI A roof truss from 64-6 Widemarsh Street Table 1 Maximum number of vessels by fabric in each period 193 XII The front elevation of 88-90 Widemarsh Street 2 Maximum number of vessels in period 5 pit 568 by fabric and form 196 XIII Leather from 188 Widemarsh Street 3 List of Animal Species 206 Fig. 1 Widemarsh Street showing the sites and area discussed 86 4 Plant Remains recovered from examples 208 2 Plan of the area excavated at 32-4 Widemarsh Street 89 3 Plan of the area excavated at 88-90 Widemarsh Street 92 Excavation at the Buttercross, Leominster, Herefordshire 4 Plan of the area excavated at 118 Widemarsh Street 93 Pl. XX N.W. corner of of medieval cellar (CG35) 5 Pottery from 88-90 Widemarsh Street 95 XXI Medieval cellar (CG35) in foreground, and walls (C030, 31) in background (centre and right), and Edward Skynner of Ledbury concrete piers of the 19th-century market hall Pl. XIV The Tomb in Ledbury Church of Edward Skynner XXII Medieval cellar (CG46) with later brick lining and his wife, Elizabeth incorporating an oven (CG47) Rebuilding of the Wallace Hall Monument Fig. 1 Location of the site (HWCM 7044) 216 Pl. XV Unveiling of the Wallace Hall Monument by William Hall 2 Location of evaluation trenches and excavation (HWCM 7044) 219 3 Phase 1 features 222 Archaelogical Excavation at 46 Commercial Street, Hereford 4 Phase 2 features 223 Pl. XVI The frontage of 46 Commercial Street before re-development 5 Trench 1 features 225 XVII The floor of the period lb semi-basement 6 Phase 3 features 227 XVIII A jug and two tankards of Westerwald ware 7 Medieval pottery. Malvernian 234 imported from Germany 8 Medieval pottery. ? Shropshire 236 XIX Chafing dishes 9 Medieval pottery. Malvernian 237 Fig. 1 Location of the site 183 10 Stone mortar 246 2a Extent of the excavation 186 11 Copper alloy object 246 b periods la and lb Table 1 Percentages of pottery fabric types by sherd number 230 4 Gross output of English agriculture, 1876-98 270 2 Percentages of pottery fabric types by sherd weight 231 5 Orchards, market gardens, hops and small fruit, 1875-95 270 3 Quantification of pottery from medieval deposits 6 Farm Workers in two counties, 1851-91 272 by sherd count 240 7 Proportion of workers regularly engaged on various 4 Percentages of pottery fabrics from medieval deposits activities in 1968 272 by sherd count 240 8 Farm Workers in two counties, 1951-85 275 5 Quantification of pottery from medieval deposits by sherd weight 241 Coppices and Commoners: An Account of Richards Castle Woodlands 6 Percentages of pottery from medieval deposits by Plan A Plan of Bringwood Chase, &C., 1577 366-7 sherd weight 241 Fig. 1 Extract from the Notes made for the Trial instigated by 7 Quantification of ceramic building materials in the commoners of Richards Castle 370 phases 1 and 2 247 2 Extract from the 1737 Account Book of the Knight family 375 8 List of environmental samples taken 248 The Natural History of Herefordshire: John Aubrey's projected Tract 9 The plant remains from selected contexts 251 Fig. 1 Aubrey's notes for his projected 'natural! philosophical' Remarques' for Herefordshire 378 Farm Labour Losses in Two Contrasting Regions of England and Wales 2 St. Gile's Token from 1851 to 1985 384 3 Windows at (a) Goodrich and (b) Penyard castles; Fig. 1 Male farm workers, England and Wales, 1851 to 1891 (c) escutcheon at Penyard castle; (d) door and and 1951 to 1985: index of change 266 (e) window at Wigmore castle 390 2 Total workers, agricultural horses and tractors in 4 (a) Hereford cathedral, aisle window; (b) 'The fourth crosse aisle Great Britain, 1921-65 268 Windowe at Hereford Minister,' (c) mediaeval woman's headdress 393 3 Cropping in 1875: a) arable and permanent grass as % of total crops and grass; b) cereals and temporary grass as John Gethin, Surveyor of the County Bridges % of arable 269 Pl.