Glime, J. M. 2017. Adaptive Strategies: Travelling the Distance to Success. Chapt. 4-8. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 1. 4-8-1 Physiological Ecology. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 31 March 2017 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/>. CHAPTER 4-8 ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES: TRAVELLING THE DISTANCE TO SUCCESS TABLE OF CONTENTS Diaspore Travel Distances ..................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-2 Failure to Leave Home................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-2 Polytrichaceae................................................................................................................................................................ 4-8-3 Evidence from a Road Cut............................................................................................................................................. 4-8-4 Epiphytes....................................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-5 Disturbed and Short-lived Substrata............................................................................................................................... 4-8-6 Long-Distance Dispersal (LDD)............................................................................................................................................ 4-8-7 Lessons from Tracheophytes.......................................................................................................................................... 4-8-7 Everything Is Everywhere!............................................................................................................................................ 4-8-8 Spore Size and Range............................................................................................................................................. 4-8-9 Distribution Stories................................................................................................................................................ 4-8-9 Island Colonization Stories.................................................................................................................................. 4-8-10 Factors Contributing to Dispersal................................................................................................................................ 4-8-11 Distance from Source........................................................................................................................................... 4-8-11 Dispersal Pathway................................................................................................................................................ 4-8-11 Air Currents......................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-11 Molecular Clocks................................................................................................................................................. 4-8-11 Weather................................................................................................................................................................ 4-8-12 Fires..................................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-12 Diaspore Characteristics....................................................................................................................................... 4-8-12 Evidence from Geophysics.......................................................................................................................................... 4-8-13 Diffusion Models................................................................................................................................................. 4-8-13 Dust Storms.......................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-13 Not All Storms Are Equal.................................................................................................................................... 4-8-14 Aloina Example.................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-14 Size and Falling Velocity – Distance and Laws of Physics.......................................................................................... 4-8-15 Evidence from Restoring Peatlands............................................................................................................................. 4-8-16 Disjunct Distributions.................................................................................................................................................. 4-8-16 Stepping Stones............................................................................................................................................................ 4-8-18 Gene Flow.................................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-19 Spore Size and Number ....................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-21 Large Spores................................................................................................................................................................ 4-8-24 Spore Weight............................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-26 Survival and Longevity........................................................................................................................................................ 4-8-27 Atmospheric Conditions – UV and Desiccation........................................................................................................... 4-8-28 Drought Tolerance ............................................................................................................................................... 4-8-28 Frost Resistance................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-30 UV Protection...................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-30 Liverwort Spore Survival............................................................................................................................................. 4-8-30 Adaptations for Survival.............................................................................................................................................. 4-8-31 Survival in Water......................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-33 Survival of Spores vs Asexual Diaspores..................................................................................................................... 4-8-33 Long-distance Survival ................................................................................................................................................ 4-8-35 Establishment Success ......................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-35 Adherence.................................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-37 Conditions Matter ........................................................................................................................................................ 4-8-38 Slow Establishment...................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-40 Dispersal Limitation..................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-40 Recolonization ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-41 Forests.......................................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-41 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4-8-42 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................................... 4-8-43 Literature Cited...................................................................................................................................................................