BCA204T: DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Page 1 of 29 BCA204T: DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Unit - I Introduction: Database and Database Users, Characteristics of the Database Approach, Different people behind DBMS, Implications of Database Approach, Advantages of using DBMS, When not to use a DBMS. Database System Concepts and architecture: Data Models, Schemas, and Instances. DBMS Architecture and Data Independence., Database languages and interfaces. The database system Environment, Classification of DBMS. ____________________________________ www.gkmvkalyan.blogspot.in BCA204T: DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Page 2 of 29 Unit-I Introduction Introduction: Database is a collection of related data. Database management system is software designed to assist the maintenance and utilization of large scale collection of data. DBMS came into existence in 1960 by Charles. Integrated data store which is also called as the first general purpose DBMS. Again in 1960 IBM brought IMS-Information management system. In 1970 Edgor Codd at IBM came with new database called RDBMS. In 1980 then came SQL Architecture- Structure Query Language. In 1980 to 1990 there were advances in DBMS e.g. DB2, ORACLE. Data: Data is raw fact or figures or entity. Information: The processed data is called information. Database: A database is a collection of related data. For example, a university database might contain information about the following: . Entities such as students, faculty and courses. Relationships between entities, such as students' enrollment in courses, faculty teaching courses. Database Management System: A Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of program that enables user to create, maintain and manipulate a database. The DBMS is hence a general purpose software system that facilitates the process of defining, constructing and manipulating database for various applications. ____________________________________ www.gkmvkalyan.blogspot.in BCA204T: DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Page 3 of 29 Characteristics of DBMS • To incorporate the requirements of the organization, system should be designed for easy maintenance. • Information systems should allow interactive access to data to obtain new information without writing fresh programs. • System should be designed to co-relate different data to meet new requirements. • An independent central repository, which gives information and meaning of available data is required. • Integrated database will help in understanding the inter-relationships between data stored in different applications. • The stored data should be made available for access by different users simultaneously. • Automatic recovery feature has to be provided to overcome the problems with processing system failure. ____________________________________ www.gkmvkalyan.blogspot.in BCA204T: DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Page 4 of 29 Different people behind DBMS These apply to "large" databases, not "personal" databases that are defined, constructed, and used by a single person via, say, Microsoft Access. There are two categories of people behind DBMS a) Those who actually use and control the database content, and those who design, develop and maintain database applications (called ―Actors on the Scene) b) Those who design and develop the DBMS software and related tools, and the computer systems operators (called ―Workers Behind the Scene). a) Actors on the Scene 1. Database Administrator (DBA): DBA is a person who is responsible for authorizing access to the database, coordinating and monitoring its use, and acquiring software and hardware resources as needed. 2. Database Designers: They are responsible for identifying the data to be stored and for choosing an appropriate way to organize it. They also define views for different categories of users. The final design must be able to support the requirements of all the user sub-groups. 3. End Users: These are persons who access the database for querying, updating, and report generation. They are main reason for database's existence! o Casual end users: use database occasionally, needing different information each time; use query language to specify their requests; typically middle- or high- level managers. o Naive/Parametric end users: Typically the biggest group of users; frequently query/update the database using standard canned transactions that have been carefully programmed and tested in advance. Examples: ____________________________________ www.gkmvkalyan.blogspot.in BCA204T: DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Page 5 of 29 . bank tellers check account balances, post withdrawals/deposits . reservation clerks for airlines, hotels, etc., check availability of seats/rooms and make reservations. o Sophisticated end users: engineers, scientists, business analysts who implement their own applications to meet their complex needs. o Stand-alone users: Use "personal" databases, possibly employing a special- purpose (e.g., financial) software package. Mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use packaged applications. o An example is a tax program user that creates its own internal database. o Another example is maintaining an address book 4. System Analysts, Application Programmers, Software Engineers: o System Analysts: determine needs of end users, especially naive and parametric users, and develop specifications for canned transactions that meet these needs. o Application Programmers: Implement, test, document, and maintain programs that satisfy the specifications mentioned above. b) Workers Behind the Scene 1)DBMS system designers/implementors: provide the DBMS software that is at the foundation of all this! 2) Tool developers: design and implement software tools facilitating database system design, performance monitoring, creation of graphical user interfaces, prototyping, etc. 3) Operators and maintenance personnel: responsible for the day-to-day operation of the system. ____________________________________ www.gkmvkalyan.blogspot.in BCA204T: DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Page 6 of 29 Advantages of a DBMS Using a DBMS to manage data has many advantages: Data independence: Application programs should be as independent as possible from details of data representation and storage. The DBMS can provide an abstract view of the data to insulate application code from such details. Efficient data access: A DBMS utilizes a variety of sophisticated techniques to store and retrieve data efficiently. This feature is especially important if the data is stored on external storage devices. Data integrity and security: If data is always accessed through the DBMS, the DBMS can enforce integrity constraints on the data. For example, before inserting salary information for an employee, the DBMS can check that the department budget is not exceeded. Also, the DBMS can enforce access controls that govern what data is visible to different classes of users. Data administration: When several users share the data, centralizing the administration of data can offer significant improvements. Experienced professionals who understand the nature of the data being managed, and how different groups of users use it, can be responsible for organizing the data representation to minimize redundancy and for fine-tuning the storage of the data to make retrieval efficient. Concurrent access and crash recovery: A DBMS schedules concurrent accesses to the data in such a manner that users can think of the data as being accessed by only one user at a time. Further, the DBMS protects users from the effects of system failures. Reduced application development time: Clearly, the DBMS supports many important functions that are common to many applications accessing data stored in the DBMS. This, in conjunction with the high-level interface to the data, facilitates quick development of applications. Such applications are also likely to be more robust than applications developed from scratch because many important tasks are handled by the DBMS instead of being implemented by the application. ____________________________________ www.gkmvkalyan.blogspot.in BCA204T: DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Page 7 of 29 Functions of DBMS • Data Definition: The DBMS provides functions to define the structure of the data in the application. These include defining and modifying the record structure, the type and size of fields and the various constraints to be satisfied by the data in each field. • Data Manipulation: Once the data structure is defined, data needs to be inserted, modified or deleted. These functions which perform these operations are part of DBMS. These functions can handle plashud and unplashud data manipulation needs. Plashud queries are those which form part of the application. Unplashud queries are ad-hoc queries which performed on a need basis. • Data Security & Integrity: The DBMS contains modules which handle the security and integrity of data in the application. • Data Recovery and Concurrency: Recovery of the data after system failure and concurrent access of records by multiple users is also handled by DBMS. • Data Dictionary Maintenance: Maintaining the data dictionary which contains the data definition of the application is also one of the functions of DBMS. • Performance: Optimizing the performance of the queries is one of the important functions of DBMS. When not to use a DBMS a) Main inhibitors (costs) of using a DBMS: i) High initial investment and possible need for additional hardware. ii) Overhead for providing generality, security, concurrency control, recovery, and integrity functions. b) When a DBMS may be unnecessary: