E STORY OF THE NATIONS SUBSCRIPTION EDmON (ltbe @ltot1? of tue Jaations. CHALDEA THE STORY OF THE NATIONS I. BOME. By ARTHUR GILMAN, '9. THE NORMANS. By SARAH M.A. ORNE JEWETT. 2. THE JEWS. By Prof. J. K. 30. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRB• . HOSMER. By C. W. C. OMAN. 3. GERMANY. By Rev. S. BARING· 3" SICILY: PhCBnlcian, Gre"k and GOULD, l\l.A. Roman. By the late Prof. E. 4. CARTHAGE. By Prof. ALFRKtl A. FREF..MAN. J. CHURCH. 3" THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS. 5. ALBXANDBR'S EMPIRE. By By BELLA DlIFFY. Prof. J. P. MAHAFFY. 33. POLAND. By W. R. MO.FILL, 6. THE MOORS IN SPAIN. By III.A. STANLEY LANE-POOLE.. 34. PAR.THlA. By Prof. GEORGE 7. ANCIENT EGYPT. By Prof. RAWLINSON. GEORGE RAWLINSON. 35. AUSTRALIAN ~OMMON. 8. HUNGARY. By Prof. ARMIN IUS WEALTH. By GREVILL" VAMDERV. TREGARTUE". 9. THE SARACENS. lly ARTHUR 36. SPAIN. By H. E. WATTS. GILMAN, AI.A. 37. JAPAN. By DAVIO MURRAY, JO, IRELAND. By the Hon. EMILY Ph.D. LAWLESS. 38. SOUTH AFRICA. By 'GEO~GE n. CHALDBA. By ZENAi'DE A. M. THEAL. RAGOZIN. 39. VENICE. By ALETHEA W,EL. J2. THE GOTHS. lly HENRY BRAD. 40. THE CRUSADES. By T. A. LEV. ARCHER and C. L. KINGSFOIW. ·J3. ASSYRIA. By ZENAitlE A. 4" VEDIC INDIA. By Z. A. RA· RAGOZIN. GOZIN. "4, TURKEY. By STANLEY LANE. 42. WESTINDJESand the SPANISH POOLE. lI'lAIN. By JAMES RODWAY. IS. HOLLAND. By Prof. J. E. 43. BOHElI'lIA. By C. EI"'U~D THOROl.D ROGERS. MAURICE. J6. lI'lEDI1BVAL FR.ANCE. By. 44. THE BALKANS. By W. MILLER, GUSTAV.s: MASSON. M.A. '7. PERSIA•. By So G. W. BEN· 45. CANADA. By Sir J. G. BOURI. JAMIN. NOT, LL.D. J8. PH<ENICIA. By Prof. GEl>. 46. BRITISH INDIA. B, R. W. RAWLINSON. FRAZER, LL. B. '!/o lI'lEDIA. By ZENAYDE A. RA· 47. MODERN FRANCE. By ANDRIi. GOZIN•• LE BON. '0. THE HANSA TOWNS. By 48. "THE FRANKS. By LEWIS SER. HaLliN ZtMMERN. GEANT. 21. EARLY BRITAIN. By P.-of. 490 AUSTRIA. By SIDNEY WiUTo ALFRED J. CHURCH. MAN' 2'. THE BARBARY CORSAIRS. so- MODER" ENGLAND. Before By STANLEY LANE·POOLE. the Rc;,"orm BaL.., By JUSTIN '3. RUSSIA. By W. MORFILL, M.A. MCCAKTHY. • '4. THE JEWS UNDER THE sr. CHINA. ByProf.R.K.DouGLAs. ROMANS. By w. D. MOK'" 5", MODERN ENGLAND. From the SON\ e Reform Bill to the Present 25. SCOTLAND. By JOHN MACKIN. Time. By JUSTIN MCCARTH\·. 1'05H, LL.D. 53. MODERN SPAIN. By MARTIN • 6. SWITZERLAND. By 1IIrs. LINA A. S. HUMK • HUG and R. STEAD. 54. MODERN ITALY. By P,ETRO '7. lI'lBXICO. By SUSAN HALK. ORSI. ... 11. POR.TUGAL. By H. 1II0RSE 55- NORWAY. By H. H. BOYESEN • STEPHENS. 56. WALES. lly O. 1\1. EDWARDS. ~ LO~DON: T. FISHER UNWIN, PATERNO~TER SQUARE, E.C. SHAMASH THE SUN-GOD." (From the SUD Temple at Sipoar. ' CHALDEA FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE RISE OF ASSYRIA (TREATED AS A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ANCIENT HISTORY) J!Y ZENAIDE A. RAGOZIN &IE"SER OF THE II SOCd:T~ ETHNOLOGIQUE JJ OF PARIS; OF THE n AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY; JJ CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ff ATHtNEE ORIENTAL" OF PARIS .. He (Carlyle) says it Is part of his creed that history is poetry, could we tell it rlght."-EMERSON ffDa mihi, Domine, scire quod sciendum est!'-IMITATION OF CHRIST. CO< Gr.... t 11... 1 tI" klJ(JlJ)ledge I get m ..y be II" knowledge worth ',a.,;,.g."­ M ..tth~ Jlmo/<l's tra'lS/alion) SEVENTH IMPRESSION LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. COPYRIGHT BY T. FISHER UNWIN, 1886 (For Great Britain). 2--£.0£ TO THE MEMBERS OF THE CLASS, IN .LOVING REMEIIIBRANCE OF )IANY HAPPY HOU~ THIS VOLUME AND ·THE FOLLOWING ONES ARE AFFEC- TIONATELY INSCRIBED BY THEIR FRIEND, THE AUTHOR. IDLEWILD PLANTATION, SAN ANTONIO. CLASSIFIED CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. I. PAGB M ESOPOTAMIA.-THE MOUNDS.-THE FIRST SEARCHERS. § I. Complete destruction of Nineveh.-§§ 2-4. Xenophon and the" Retreat of the Ten Thousand." The Greeks pass the ruins of Calah and Nineveh, and know them not.­ § S. Alexander's passage through Mesopotamia.-§ 6. The Arab invasion and rule.-§ 7. Turkish rule and mismanage· ment.-§ 8. Peculiar natural condipons of Mesopotamia.­ § 9. Actual desolate state of the country.-§ 10. The plains studded with Mounds. Their curious aspect.-§ II. Frag­ ments of works of art amidst the rubbish.-§ 12. Indiffer­ ence and superstition of the Turks and Arabs.-§ 13. Exclu· sive absorption of European scholars in Classical Antiquity. -§ 14. Forbidding aspect of the Mounds, compared with other ruins.-§ IS. Rich, the first explorer.-§ 16. Botta's work and want of success.-§ 17. Botta's great discovery. -§ 18. Great sensation created by it.-§ 19. Layard's first expedition. II. LAYARD AND Ins WORK § I. Layard's arrival at Nimrud. His excitement and dreams.-§ 2. Beginning of c1ifficulties. The Ogre-like Pasha of Mossul.-§ 3. Opposition from the Pasha. His malice and cunning.-§ 4- Discovery of the gigantic head. y vi CLASSIFIED CONTENTS. PAGB Fright of the Arabs, who declare it to be Nimrod.-§ S. Strange ideas of the Arabs about the sculptures.-§ 6. Lay­ ard's life in the desert.-§ 7. Terrible heat of summer.-§ S. Sand-storms and hot hurricanes.-§ 9. Layard's wretched dwelllng.-§ 10. Unsuccessful attempts at improvement.- § II. In what the task of the explorer consists.-§ 12. Dif­ ferent modes of carrying on the work of excavation. III. THE RUINS § I. Every country's culture and art determined by its geo­ graphical conditions.-§ 2. Chaldea's absolute deficiency in wood and stone.-§ 3. Great abundance of mud fit for the fabrication of bricks; hence the peculiar architecture of Mesopotamia. Ancient ruins still used as quarries of bricks for building. Trade of ancient bricks at 'Hillah.-§ 4. Vari­ ous cements used.-§ S. Construction of artificial platforms. -§'6. Ruins of Ziggurats: peculiar shape and uses of this sort of buildings.-§ 7. Figures showing the immense amount of labor used on these constructions.-§ S. Chaldean archi­ tecture adopted unchanged by the Assyrians.-§ 9. Stone ,used for ornament and casing of walls. 'Vater transport in old and modern times.-§ 10. Imposing aspect of the palaces. -§ I I. Restoration of Sennacherib's palace by Fergnsson. -§ 12. Pavements of palace halls.-§ J3. Gateways and 'sculptured slabs along the walls. Friezes in painted tiles. -§ 14. Proportions of palace halls and roofing.-§ IS. Lighting of halls.-§ 16. Causes of the kings' passion for building.-§ 17. Drainage of palaces and platforms.-§ IS. Modes of destruction.-§ 19. The Mounds a protection to the ruins they contain. Refilling the excavations.-§ 20. Absence of ancient tombs in Assyria.-§ 21. Abundance and vastness of cemeteries in Chaldea~§ 22. Warka (Erech) the great Necropolis. Loftus' description.-§ 23 ... Jar·cof­ fins."-§ 24 ... Dish-cover" coffins.-§ 2S. Sepulchral vaults. -§ 26... Slipper·shaped" coffins.-§ 27. Drainage of sepul­ chral mounds.-§ 2S. Decoration 'of walls in painted clay cones.-§ 29. De Sarzec's discoveries at Tell-Loh. CLASSIFIED CONTENTS.. vii IV. PAGJi THE BOOK OF THE PAST.-THE LIBRARY OF NINEVEH. 92- 115 § I. Object of making books.-§ 2. Books not always of paper.-§ 3- Universal craving for an immortal name.-§ 4- Insufficiency of records on various writing materials. U ni­ versa! longing for knowledge of the remotest past.-§ 5- Monumental records.-§ 6. Ruins of palaces and temples, tombs and caves-the Book of the Past.-§§ 7-8. Discov­ ery by Layard of the Roya! Library at Nineveh.-§ 9. George Smith's work at the British Museum.-§ 10. His expe<Iitions to Nineveh, his success and death.-§ II. Value of the Li­ brary.-§§ 12-IJ. Contents of the Library.-§ 14- The Tablets.-§ 15- The cylinders and foundation-tablets. CHALDEA. I. NOMADS AND SETI"LERS.~THE FOUR STAGES OF CULTURE II6-126 § I. Nomads.-§ 2. First migrations.-§ J. Pastoral life-,­ the second stage.-§ 4- Agricultural life; beginnings of the State_-§ S. City-building; royalty.-§ 6. Successive migra­ tions and their causes.-§ 7. Formation of nations. II. THE GREAT RACES.-<;HAPTER X. OF GENESIS 127-142 § I, Shinar.-§ 2. Berosus.-§ J. Who were the settlers in Shinar?-§ 4- The Flood probably not universal.-§§ 5-6. The blessed race and the accursed, according to Genesis.- § 7. Genealogical form of Chap. X. of Genesis.-§ 8. Epa­ nyms_-§ 9- Omission 'of some white races from Chap. X. -§ 10. Omission of the Black Race.-§ II. Omission of the Yellow ~ce. Characteristics of the Turanians.-§ 12. viii CLASSIFIED COl"TENTS. PAGS The Chinese.-§ 13. Who were the Turanians? What he­ came of the Cainites ?-§ 14. Possible identity of both.- § I S. The settlers ill Shinar-Turanians. III. TUIU_NIAN CHALDEA.-SHUMIR AND ACCAD.- THE BEGINNiNGS OF RELIGION 146-181 § I. Shumir and Accad.-§ 2. Language and name.-§ 3. Turanian migratiOnS and traditions.-§ 4. Collection of sacred texts.-§ S. "Religiosity "-a distinctively human characteristic. Its first promptings and manifestations.- §6. The Magic Collection and the work of Fr.I.enormant. -§ 7. The Shumiro-Accads' theory of the world, and their elementary spirits.-§ 8. The incantation of the Seven Mas­ kim.-§ 9. The evil spirits.-§ 10. The Arali.-§ II. The sorcerers.-§ 12 • .conjuring and conjurers.-§ 13. The benef­ icent Spirits. Ea.-§ 14. Meridug.-§ IS. A charm against an evil spell.-§ 16. Diseases considered as evil demons.- § 17. Talismans. The Ke,·ubim.-§ 18. More talismans.- § 19. The demon of the South-West Wind.-§ 20. The first gods.-§ 21. Uti, the Sun.-§ 22. Nin «<'Y, the nightly Sun. -§ 23. Gibil, Fire.-§ 24. Dawn of moral consciousness.- § 25. Man's Conscience divinized.-§§ 26-28. Penitential Psalms.-§ 29. General character of Turanian religions. ApPENDIX TO CHAPTER III.