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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zoob Rood Ann Arbor, Michigan 43106 I I; ! I1 75-19,460 LEE, David Dale, 1948- TENNESSEE IN TURMOIL: POLITICS IN THE VOLUNTEER STATE, 1920-1932. The Ohio State University. Ph.D., 1975 History, modern Xerox University MicrofilmsAnn , Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1975 DAVID DALE LEE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. TENNESSEE IN TURMOIL: POLITICS IN THE VOLUNTEER STATE, 1920-1932 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David Dale Lee, B.A., M.A. The Ohio state University 1975 Reading Committee: Approved by Merton L. Dillon Gary W. Reichard John C. Burnham Adviser Department of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The assistance of many fine people, some of whom helped in ways they never realized, has made writing this disserta­ tion one of the most delightful experiences of my life. The staffs of the Tennessee State Library and Archives, the Memphis Public Library, and the Lawson-McGhee Library cheer­ fully and efficiently supplied materials for research. Professor Merton Dillon, who patiently supervised all of my graduate work, read the manuscript with his usual good judgment and pointed to numerous lapses of logic and style. Particular thanks must go to Professor Gary Reichard. Professor Reichard first suggested this topic to me and guided my progress at every stage. His contributions, both as teacher and friend, have won my deepest gratitude. Doctoral dissertations are often wearying of mind and spirit, and I would also like to thank those people who helped me to remember a world outside of libraries. Mrs. Maxine Stout of Nashville, Tennessee, graciously opened her home to an itinerant graduate student in a strange city. The Young Adult Sunday School Class of Belmont United Methodist Church in Nashville took me into its fellowship. My neighbors on the third floor of the Jones Graduate Tower repeatedly persuaded me that playing "Jeopardy" was more ii • I 4 important than holding a doctorate o£ philosophy. Lastly I must thank my parents, who have borne with grace and humor the difficulties of raising an over-educated son. VITA August 5, 1948 . Born - Cincinnati, Ohio 1970 ................ Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 1971-1975 .......... University Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 197 1 ................ M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Jesse Waugh, West Virginian." West Virginia History, XXXV, pp. 154-162, January, 1974 FIELDS OF STUDY / Major Field: Sectionalism and Civil War. Professor Marton Dillon American Political History. Professor Gary Reichard American Social and Economic History. Professor Mary Young East Central Europe. Professor Carol Rogel iv TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................... ii VITA ................................................. iv LIST OF T A B L E S ....................................... vi LIST OF F I G U R E S ...................................... viii INTRODUCTION......................................... 1 Chapter I. TENNESSEE IN T R A N S I T I O N ...................... 7 II. THE ELECTION OF AUSTIN PE A Y ................... 34 III. REFORM AND REALIGNMENT........................ 62 IV. B O S S ............................................. 119 V. THE EMERGENCE OF C R U M P .......................... 178 VI. ALL IDOLS WERE C L A Y ............................ 239 APPENDIX A ..................................................... 246 B..................................................... 250 C ..................................................... 264 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 265 V 4 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Raw Vote, 1922 Democratic Gubernatorial P r i m a r y ........................................ 49 2. Percentage Vote, 1922 Democratic Gubernatorial P r i m a r y ........................................ 49 3. Raw Vote, 1922 Gubernatorial Election ........... 56 4. Percentage Vote, 1922 Gubernatorial Election . 56 5. Support and Opposition for Austin Peay's Program, Sixty-third General Assembly, 1923 (Raw Totals) .......................... 74 6. Support and Opposition for Austin Peay's Program, Sixty-third General Assembly, 1923 (Percentages)........................... 74 7. Raw Vote, 1924 Gubernatorial Election ........... 80 8. Percentage Vote, 1924 Gubernatorial Election . 80 9. Support and Opposition for Austin Peay's Program, Sixty-fourth General Assembly, 1925 (Raw T o t a l s ) .............................. 86 10. Support and Opposition for Austin Peay's Program, Sixty-fourth General Assembly, 1925 (Percentages)........................... 86 11. Raw Vote, 1926 Democratic Gubernatorial Primary . Ill 12. Percentage Vote, 1926 Democratic Gubernatorial P r i m a r y .......................................... Ill 13. Support and Opposition for Austin Peay's Program, Sixty-fifth General Assembly, 1927 (Raw Totals) ................................ 123 14. Support and Opposition for Austin Peay's Program, Sixty-fifth General Assembly, 1927 (Percentages).............................. 123 vi Table Page 15. Raw Vote, 1928 Democratic Gubernatorial Primary . 145 16. Percentage Vote, 1928 Democratic Gubernatorial Primary..................................... 145 17. Support and Opposition for Henry Horton's Program, Sixty-sixth General Assembly, 1929 (Raw Tota ls)........................... 157 18. Support and Opposition for Henry Horton's Program, Sixty-sixth General Assembly, 1929 (Percentages) ............................. 157 19. Raw Vote, 1930 Democratic Gubernatorial Primary . 167 20. Percentage Vote, 1930 Democratic Gubernatorial Primary..................................... 167 21. Support and Opposition for Henry Horton's Program, Sixty-seventh General Assembly, 1931 (Raw Totals)........................... 199 22. Support and Opposition for Henry Horton's Program, Sixty-seventh General Assembly, 1931 (Percengages . ....................... 199 23. Raw Vote, 1932 Democratic Gubernatorial Primary . 214 24. Percentage Vote, 1932 Democratic Gubernatorial Primary..................................... 214 25. Raw Vote, 1932 Gubernatorial Election ........... 226 26. Percentage Vote, 1932 Gubernatorial Election . 226 v i i LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Peay Strength, 1922 Democratic Gubernatorial P r i m a r y ......................................... 112 2. Peay Strength, 1926 Democratic Gubernatorial P r i m a r y ......................................... 112 3. Peay Strength, 1926 Democratic Gubernatorial P r i m a r y ......................................... 147 4. Horton Strength, 1928 Democratic Gubernatorial Prim ary......................................... 147 5. Peay Strength, 1926 Democratic Gubernatorial Primary .............................. 168 6. Horton Strength, 1930 Democratic Gubernatorial Prim ary......................................... 168 7. Gwinn Strength, 1930 Democratic Gubernatorial P r i m a r y......................................... 169 8. Gwinn Strength, 1930 Democratic Gubernatorial P r i m a r y ......................................... 197 9. Home Counties of Legislators Voting for Impeachment, Sixty-seventh General Assembly, 1931 ......... 197 10. Horton Strength, 1930 Democratic Gubernatorial Prima ry......................................... 215 11. Pope Strength, 1932 Democratic Gubernatorial P r i m a r y............................ 215 12. Gwinn Strength, 1930 Democratic Gubernatorial P r i mar y......................................... 217 13. McAlister Strength, 1932 Democratic