For Official Use Only CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GROUND WATER BROCHURE VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH SOUTHERN REGION HYDERABAD September 2013 CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GROUND WATER BROCHURE VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH (AAP-2012-13) BY G. BHASKARA RAO SCIENTIST-D SOUTHERN REGION BHUJAL BHAWAN, GSI Post, Bandlaguda NH.IV, FARIDABAD - Hyderabad-500068 121001 Andhra Pradesh HARYANA, INDIA Tel: 040-24225201 Tel: 0129-2418518 Gram: Antarjal Gram: Bhumijal GROUND WATER BROCHURE VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH CONTENTS Sl. No. CHAPTER District at a Glance 1 Introduction 2 Rainfall & Climate 3 Geomorphology & Soil Types 4 Ground Water Scenario 5 Ground Water Management Strategy 6 Ground Water Related Issues and Problems 7 Awareness and Training Activity 8 Areas Notified by CGWA/ SGWA 9 Recommendations Acknowledgements TABLES I Mandal Wise Ground Water Resources of Visakhapatnam District (As on March 2009) II General range of Important Chemical Constituents FIGURES 1 Administrative Divisions 2 Hydrogeology 3 Depth To Water Level - Pre Monsoon (May, 2012) 4 Depth To Water Level - Post Monsoon (November, 2012) 5 Ground Water Yield Potential VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT AT A GLANCE 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Geographical Areas : 11,342.84 sq. km Administrative Divisions District HQ : Visakhapatnam Mandals : 43 Towns : 10 Villages : 3,108 Population : 42,88,113 (2011 census) Average Annual Rainfall : 1,116 mm Annual rainfall (2012) : 1,218 mm 2. GEOMORPHOLOGY Major Physiographic Units : Structural hills, pediplains, alluvial plains and coastal plains Major Drainage : Machkund, Tandava, Varaha, Sarada & Gosthani 3. LAND USE (ha.) Forest Area : 4,41,166 Net Area Sown : 3,00,371 Cultivable waste : 10,366 4. SOIL TYPE Red loams, Sandy loams, Sandy soils, Black cotton soils. 5. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (ha.) Dug Wells : 5,074 Tube wells/ Bore wells : 9,604 Tanks/ Ponds : 30,993 Canals : 48,507 Other Sources : 22,964 Net Irrigated Area : 1,17,142 6. GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS Dug Wells : 38 7. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Recent : Alluvium Sub-recent : Laterite Gondwana : Sandstones Archaean : Migmatites, Charnockites Khondalites 8. Hydrogeology Water Bearing Formations : Hard Rock : Granitic gneisses, Charnockites & Khondalites Soft Rock : Sandstones, Alluvium Pre-monsoon Depth to Water Level (May, 2011): 1.23 to 15.78 m bgl Post-monsoon Depth to Water Level (Nov., 2011) 0.30 to 5.80 m bgl 9. GROUND WATER EXPLORATION Wells Drilled : 32 Depth Range : 17 to 202 m Discharge : 0.22 to 11.5 lps Transmissivity : 1 to 772 m2/day 10. GROUND WATER QUALITY In general, ground water is good and suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. 11. DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (2008-09) (ha.) Net Ground water availability : 71,689 Ground water draft for all uses : 23,100 Ground water balance : 48,589 Stage of Ground water development (%) : 32 12. AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY Mass Awareness Programme : 1 Date : 21st March, 2003 Place : Elamanchili No. of Participants : 250 Ground Water Management Training Programme: I Date : 4th & 5th October, 2005 Place : Visakhapatnam No. of Participants : 30 Ground Water Management Training Programme: II Date : 8th & 9th February, 2012 Place : Paderu (Tribal area) No. of Participants : 26 GROUND WATER BROCHURE VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH 1.0 INTRODUCTION Visakhapatnam district is one of the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. The district is sandwiched between the Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal. Paderu and Araku in the district are having broad picturesque valleys with an altitude of about 900 m amsl. Araku valley is inhabited by aboriginal tribes with different sects. The Araku valley is famous for its beauty, bracing climate and orchards. The district lies between north latitude 17° 15’ and 18° 30’ and east longitude 78° 30’ and 83° 30’ covering an area of 11,342.84 sq.km. The district is bounded on the south east by the Bay of Bengal, on the north east by Vizianagaram district, on the North West by Orissa state and on the south west by East Godavari district. Howrah – Chennai broad gauge railway line and NH-5 are passing through the district almost parallel to the coastline. In addition to the surface transport the district has aerodrome and natural harbor at Visakhapatnam. Visakhapatnam is the district headquarters. The district is divided into three revenue divisions viz., Paderu, Narsipatnam and Visakhapatnam. Further these revenue divisions are sub divided into 43 revenue mandals (Fig. 1). There are towns 3,108 villages in the district. As per the 2011 census the population of the district is 42,88,113. The urban population of the district is 20,37,458 whereas rural population constitutes 22,50,655. The density of population of the district is 384 persons per sq. km. 1 1.1 Drainage The most important rivers drained in the district are Machikund, Tandava, Varaha, Sarada and Gostani. Most of the rivers are ephemeral in nature. However, some of the tributaries of Machikund are perennial with indications of substantial ground water discharge. Almost all the rivers and streams 2 experience flash floods during rainy season. A good number of springs exist in Paderu and Araku areas. The district is characterized by sub-dendritic to dendritic nature of drainage pattern and is of coarse texture. In general the density is in the range of 0.6 to 1/Km2. Many of the hill streams in Paderu valley disappear on entering the plains due to high permeability of the pediment gravels. The disappearance of streams in and along the hill slopes is contributing to the ground water, which is again discharged through the silty soils at lower elevations. 1.2 Irrigation The district is served with both surface and ground water irrigation sources. Medium and minor irrigation projects exist in the district. The important medium irrigation projects are Thandava, Konam, Kalyanapulova and Raiwada reservoirs. The other reservoirs are Ravanapalli and Gambheeramgedda. The total net area irrigated is 1,17,142 ha by means of all sources of irrigation available in the district. The net area irrigated through canals and tanks is 78,500 ha, and other sources is 22,964 ha. The net area irrigated through dug wells and bore/tube wells is 14,678 ha. 1.3 CGWB activities The Central Ground Water Board took up long term hydrogeological studies since 1969 with the establishment of Network Hydrograph Stations in various hydrogeological environments as a part of the all India programme and presently, there are 39 such hydrograph stations in the district. The systematic hydrogeological surveys were carried out during 1970 – 1985. Ground water exploratory drilling programme was taken up during 2005 – 2008 and drilled 32 wells to evaluate the aquifer properties in the district. Ground Water Management studies, Geophysical surveys, Urban Hydrogeological surveys, Water Balance studies and Pollution studies were carried out in various parts of the district during 1997-2005. Hydrogeological surveys were taken in the area first by the erstwhile G.S.I by Dr. P.Prabhakara Rao and others. Later urban hydrogeological surveys were carried out by Dr. A. Srisailanath, R.D, Dr.P.N.Rao, Sc-D and others in the year 1998-99 and reappraisal 3 hydrogeological surveys were carried out by S/Shri C.Paul Prabhakar, Sc-D and G.V.V.R.G. Sivaprasada Rao in the year 2003-04. Hydrogeological surveys were carried out in and around Chukkavanipalem, Visakhapatnam urban area during AAP 2001, 2002 by Dr.V.S.R.Krishna, Hydrogeologist (CGWB). Hydrogeological studies were carried out in Visakhapatnam urban area by Sri K.Dwarakanath, Scientist ‘D’ (CGWB) during AAP 2009-2010. 2.0 RAINFALL & CLIMATE Climatologically the district experiences tropical sub-humid type of climate with moderate summer and good seasonal rainfall. The southwest monsoon sets in the second week of June and lasts till September end. October and November receive rainfall from northeast monsoon. Winter season with cool and fine weather prevails from December to February followed by summer season upto early June. The average annual rainfall of the district is 1116 mm. and monthly rainfall ranges from nil rainfall in January to 207.5 mm in October. October is the wettest month of the year. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 673.5 mm. in southwest monsoon (June-September), 271.8 mm. in northeast monsoon (October-December), 10.9 mm. rainfall in Winter (Jan-Feb) and 159.6 mm in summer (March – May). The percentage distribution of rainfall, season-wise, is 60.36% in southwest monsoon, 24.36 % in northeast monsoon, 0.97 percentage in winter and 14.3 % in summer. The annual rainfall ranges from 708 mm in 2002 to 1703 mm in 2010. The annual rainfall departure ranges from -37 % in 2002 to 53% in 2010. The southwest monsoon rainfall contributes about 60 % of annual rainfall. It ranges from 459 mm in 2002 to 864 mm in 2006. The year 2002 and 2009 experienced drought conditions in the district as the annual rainfall recorded in these two years is 37 % and 34% less than the long period average (LPA) respectively. The cumulative departure of annual rainfall from LPA indicates that the rainfall departure as on 2011 is negative i.e. 40%, showing deficit rainfall. The annual rainfall during 2012 is 1218 mm. 4 3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY & SOIL TYPES Geomorphologically the district can be divided into three regions, viz., northern hilly terrain with valleys, middle pediplains and alluvial coastal plains. The northern half of the district is mainly occupied by the structural hills and valleys, which is part of the Eastern Ghats. The hill range trends parallel to coast. The average altitude of hills is over 900 m amsl. The hills are densely forested. By virtue of their topography, these hilly terrains largely form run off areas and are not suitable for ground water development.