Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Thesis No. 882 ;0/EDVHG)UDPHZRUNVIRU,QWHUQHW&RPPHUFHDQG DQ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRI%%HSURFXUHPHQW by <X[LDR=KDR Submitted to the School of Engineering at Linköping University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Licentiate of Technology Department of Computer and Information Science Linköpings universitet SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Linköping 2001 XML-based Frameworks for Internet Commerce and an Implementation of B2B e-procurement by Yuxiao Zhao April 2001 ISBN 91-7373-013-0 Linköpings Studies in Science and Technology Thesis No. 882 ISSN 0280-7971 LiU-Tek-Lic-2001:19 ABSTRACT It is not easy to apply XML in e-commerce development for achieving interoperability in heterogeneous environments. One of the reasons is a multitude of XML-based Frameworks for Internet Commerce (XFIC), or industrial standards. This thesis surveys 15 frameworks, i.e., ebXML, eCo Framework, UDDI, SOAP, BizTalk, cXML, ICE, Open Applications Group, RosettaNet, Wf-XML, OFX, VoiceXML, RDF, WSDL and xCBL. This thesis provides three models to systematically understand how the 15 frameworks meet the requirements of e-commerce. A hierarchical model is presented to show the purpose and focus of various XFIC initiatives. A relationship model is given to show the cooperative and competitive relationships between XFIC. A chronological model is provided to look at the development of XFIC. In addition, the thesis offers guidelines for how to apply XFIC in an e-commerce development. We have also implemented a B2B e-procurement system. That not only demonstrates the feasibility of open- source or freeware, but also validates the complementary roles of XML and Java: XML is for describing contents and Java is for automating XML documents (session handling). Auction-based dynamic pricing is also realized as a feature of interest. Moreover, the implementation shows the suitability of e-procurement for educational purposes in e-commerce development. This work has been supported by SSF (Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research) through ECSEL (Excellence Center in Computer Science and Systems Engineering in Linköping). Department of Computer and Information Science Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden To Lin Acknowledgments I have received a great number of helps from a lot of people, since I became a Ph.D student of STEM (Software Technology and Methodology), ECSEL (Excellence Center in Computer Science and Systems Engineering in Linköping), affiliated with PELAB (Programming Environment Laboratory), Dept of Computer and Information Science (IDA), Linköping University, Sweden. First of all, I wish to thank deeply my supervisor, Prof. Kristian Sandahl, for his invaluable discussions, numerous industrial contacts, meaningful research suggestions, repetitive thesis enhancements, and so on. Without his support, this thesis would be impossible. I am indebted to Prof. Henrik Eriksson for his very interesting comments that have greatly improved this thesis. My special thanks go to Dr. Mary E. Helander, for her recommendation to become a graduate student at IDA and encouragement and suggestions during my study. I am also very grateful to all people at IDA, in particular, Prof. Peter Fritzson for PELAB management; Prof. Mariam Kamkar for STEM management; and Prof. Nahid Shahmehri for ECSEL management; Bodil Mattsson Kihlström and Gunilla Mellhegen for the daily administration, and Lillemor Wallgren for thesis publications. Three industrial professionals discussed with me about my project, including Christer Söderlund from ,QWHQWLD &RQVXOWLQJ DW /LQN|SLQJ, Pär Wetterlöf from ,QGXVWUL 0DWHPDWLF ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,0, , and Fredick Jansson from ,)6 $%. Thanks for your tactical suggestions. Ivan Rankin and Angela Yong help improve the English language of this thesis. Thank you very much. Lastly, I would like to thank all family members for their spiritual support, in particular, my wife, Lin Han, for her interesting comments and countless supports in life. This work has been supported by the 6ZHGLVK)RXQGDWLRQIRU6WUDWHJLF 5HVHDUFK through (&6(/. Thanks for the financial aids. Yuxiao Zhao Linköping, April 2001 &217(176 ,1752'8&7,21 1.1 SITUATION ........................................................................................................ 1 HEXVLQHVVDQGHFRPPHUFH HSURFXUHPHQW ;0/ 1.2 COMPLICATION................................................................................................. 5 1.3 CONTRIBUTIONS ............................................................................................... 5 1.4 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS .................................................................. 6 ;0/%$6(')5$0(:25.6)25,17(51(7&200(5&( ;),& 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 7 0RWLYDWLRQ 6HOHFWLRQFULWHULD 5HODWHGZRUN 2.2 FROM XML TO XFIC ..................................................................................... 11 ;0/$SSOLFDWLRQV 7KHUROHVRI;0/LQ,QWHUQHWFRPPHUFHLQWHURSHUDELOLW\ $JHQHULFPRGHOIRU;),& 3KLORVRSK\EHKLQG;),& ;),&DQG:HEVHUYLFHV 2.3 THREE MODELS FOR DESCRIBING XFIC .......................................................... 18 %XVLQHVVSURFHVVHVIRU,QWHUQHWFRPPHUFH $+LHUDUFKLFDO0RGHO $5HODWLRQVKLS0RGHO $&KURQRORJLFDO0RGHO ;),&)2&86217+(%,*3,&785( 3.1 EBXML........................................................................................................... 31 6\VWHPRYHUYLHZ %XVLQHVV2SHUDWLRQDO9LHZDQG)XQFWLRQDO6HUYLFH9LHZ 5HJLVWU\DQG5HSRVLWRU\ &33DQG&ROODERUDWLRQ3URWRFRO$JUHHPHQW 0RGHOLQJEXVLQHVVLQWHUDFWLRQV 0HVVDJLQJ6HUYLFH 3.2 ECO FRAMEWORK........................................................................................... 44 3.3 UDDI ............................................................................................................. 47 2YHUYLHZ 5HJLVWU\2SHUDWRU i &RVWWRUHJLVWHUDQGDVVHVVWRWKH5HJLVWU\2SHUDWRU 8'',$3,V 3.4 A COMPARISON OF THE FRAMEWORKS ........................................................... 52 0DLQREMHFWLYH $UFKLWHFWXUH 5HJLVWU\LQHE;0/DQG8'', 0DUNHWLQJVWUDWHJ\ 'LVDGYDQWDJHV 0DWXULW\ 3.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................. 55 ;),&)2&8621;0/0(66$*,1* 4.1 SOAP AND BIZTALK ...................................................................................... 57 62$3 6LPSOH2EMHFW$FFHVV3URWRFRO %L]7DON 4.2 SPECIFIC BUSINESS OPERATIONS ..................................................................... 63 F;0/ FRPPHUFH;0/ ,&( ,QIRUPDWLRQDQG&RQWHQW([FKDQJH 4.3 ENTERPRISE APPLICATION INTEGRATION (EAI) .............................................. 72 2$* 2SHQ$SSOLFDWLRQV*URXS 5RVHWWD1HW :I;0/ :RUNIORZ;0/ 4.4 VERTICAL INDUSTRY ...................................................................................... 81 2); 2SHQ)LQDQFLDOH;FKDQJH 4.5 SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS .................................................................................. 82 9RLFH;0/ 4.6 SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS ............................................................................... 84 :6'/ :HE6HUYLFHV'HVFULSWLRQ/DQJXDJH 5') 5HVRXUFH'HVFULSWLRQ)UDPHZRUN 4.7 VOCABULARY................................................................................................. 88 [&%/ ;0/&RPPRQ%XVLQHVV/LEUDU\ $1,03/(0(17$7,212)%%(352&85(0(17 5.1 MOTIVATION .................................................................................................. 89 5.2 REQUIREMENTS CAPTURE ............................................................................... 90 ,QSXWVDQGRXWSXWV $VVXPSWLRQV 5HTXLUHPHQWV 5.3 BUSINESS USE CASES ...................................................................................... 93 7KHUROHRI&XVWRPHUDQGWKHLUXVHFDVHV 7KHUROHRI7LPHUDQGLWVXVHFDVHV 5.4 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ................................................................................. 100 &ODVVGLDJUDPIRUWKHZKROHV\VWHP 'HWDLOHG&ODVVHV ii 5.5 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESSES USING JAVA AND XML................................. 106 ,GHQWLI\LQJLPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWV 3UDFWLFDOKLQWV 5.6 TESTING........................................................................................................ 109 8QLWWHVWLQJ 8VHFDVHWHVWLQJ 6\VWHPWHVWLQJ 5.7 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................. 114 2SHQVRXUFHRUIUHHZDUHLQGHYHORSLQJ%%HFRPPHUFH 'HVLJQLQJDVXLWDEOHSURMHFWIRUHFRPPHUFHWUDLQLQJ ;0/DQG-DYDDUHFRPSOHPHQWDU\ '\QDPLFSULFLQJEDVHGRQDXFWLRQ ;),&DQGHSURFXUHPHQWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 6800$5<$1'&21&/86,216 6.1 WHAT XFIC ARE .......................................................................................... 121 6.2 HOW XFIC INTERACT................................................................................... 121 6.3 AN IMPLEMENTATION OF B2B E-PROCUREMENT .......................................... 122 6.4 APPLYING XFIC IN E-COMMERCE DEVELOPMENT ........................................ 123 7KHEHQHILWVRIXVLQJ;),& 7KHEDUULHUVLQDSSO\LQJ;),& +RZWRFKRRVHWKHULJKWIUDPHZRUNV +RZWRVWDUW 6.5 FUTURE RESEARCH ....................................................................................... 126 5()(5(1&(6 iii iv /,672)$&521<06 API Application Programming Interface ASC Accredited Standards Committee ASP Application Services Provider BFC BizTalk Framework Compliant BOM Bills of Materials B2B Business-to-Business B2C Business-to-Consumer CGI