Dædalus coming up in Dædalus: Race, Inequality Lawrence D. Bobo, William Julius Wilson, Michael Klarman, Rogers & Culture M. Smith, Desmond S. King & Philip A. Klinkner, Douglas S. Massey, Dædalus Jennifer L. Hochschild, Vesla Weaver & Taci Burch, Martha Biondi, Cathy J. Cohen, James Heckman, Taeku Lee, Alford A. Young, Jr., Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Marcyliena Morgan & Dionne Bennett, Richard E. Nisbett, Jennifer Winter 2011 A. Richeson & Maureen A. Craig, Daniel Sabbagh, Roger Waldinger, and others Winter 2011: Race in the Age of Obama, volume 1 Winter 2011: Race The Modern American David M. Kennedy, Lawrence Freedman, David Segal & Lawrence Race in Gerald Early The Two Worlds of Race Revisited: Military Korb, Robert L. Goldich, Andrew Bacevich, James Sheehan, Brian the Age of A Meditation on Race in the Age of Obama 11 Linn, Deborah Avant & Renée de Nevers, Errol Morris, Thomas Obama, John Hope Franklin The Two Worlds of Race: Mahnken, Jonathan Shay, Charles J. Dunlap, Eugene Fidell, Martha volume 1 A Historical Perspective 28 McSally, William J. Perry, and others Jeffrey B. Ferguson Freedom, Equality, Race 44 Daniel Geary Racial Liberalism, the Moynihan Report Protecting the Internet David Clark, Vinton G. Cerf, Kay Lehman Scholzman, Sidney Verba & “The Negro American” 53 as a Public Commons & Henry E. Brady, R. Kelly Garrett & Paul Resnick, L. Jean Camp, Waldo E. Martin, Jr. Precious African American Memories, Deirdre Mulligan & Fred B. Schneider, John Horrigan, Lee Sproull, Post-Racial Dreams & the American Nation 67 Helen Nissenbaum, and others Glenda R. Carpio Race & Inheritance in Barack Obama’s Dreams from My Father 79 plus The Alternative Energy Future, On the Common Good, Amina Gautier On Post-Racial America in the Age of Obama 90 Public Opinion &c. Tommie Shelby Justice & Racial Conciliation: Two Visions 95 Eric J. Sundquist “We dreamed a dream”: Ralph Ellison, Martin Luther King, Jr. & Barack Obama 108 Clarence E. Walker Barack Obama, Race & the Tea Party 125 Farah Jasmine Grif½n Michelle Obama, Beyoncé, Race & History 131 Werner Sollors “Obligations to Negroes who would be kin if they were not Negro” 142 Korina Jocson Poetry in a New Race Era 154 Hua Hsu Seeing Jay-Z in Taipei 163 David A. Hollinger The Concept of Post-Racial: How Its Easy Dismissal Obscures Important Questions 174 James Alan McPherson Pursuit of the Pneuma 183 U.S. $13; www.amacad.org Cherishing Knowledge · Shaping the Future Inside front cover: Mary Collie (left) of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (naacp) listens to a speaker at a rally calling for an end to predatory lending practices and home foreclosures outside the New York Stock Exchange, December 10, 2007. Photograph © Jeff Zelevansky/ Reuters. Gerald Early, Guest Editor Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications D Micah J. Buis, Associate Editor Erica Dorpalen, Editorial Assistant Board of advisers Steven Marcus, Editor of the Academy Rosanna Warren, Poetry Adviser Committee on Publications Jerome Kagan, Chair, Jesse H. Choper, Denis Donoghue, Gerald Early, Linda Greenhouse, Jerrold Meinwald; ex of½cio: Leslie Cohen Berlowitz Dædalus is designed by Alvin Eisenman. Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences The labyrinth designed by Daedalus for King Minos of Crete, on a silver tetradrachma from Cnossos, Crete, c. 350–300 b.c. (35 mm, Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris). “Such was the work, so intricate the place, / That scarce the workman all its turns cou’d trace; / And Daedalus was puzzled how to ½nd / The secret ways of what himself design’d.”–Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book 8) Dædalus was founded in 1955 and established as a quarterly in 1958. The journal’s namesake was renowned in ancient Greece as an inventor, scien- tist, and unriddler of riddles. Its emblem, a maze seen from above, symbol- izes the aspiration of its founders to “lift each of us above his cell in the lab- yrinth of learning in order that he may see the entire structure as if from above, where each separate part loses its comfortable separateness.” The American Academy of Arts & Sciences, like its journal, brings togeth- er distinguished individuals from every ½eld of human endeavor. It was chartered in 1780 as a forum “to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, inde- pendent, and virtuous people.” Now in its third century, the Academy, with its nearly ½ve thousand elected members, continues to provide intellectual leadership to meet the critical challenges facing our world. Dædalus Winter 2011 Subscription rates: Electronic only for non- Issued as Volume 140, Number 1 member individuals–$43; institutions–$113. Canadians add 5% gst. Print and electronic © 2011 by the American Academy for nonmember individuals–$48; institutions of Arts & Sciences –$126. Canadians add 5% gst. Outside the The Two Worlds of Race: A Historical View United States and Canada add $23 for postage © 1965 by the American Academy and handling. Prices subject to change without of Arts & Sciences notice. Editorial of½ces: Dædalus, Norton’s Woods, Institutional subscriptions are on a volume- 136 Irving Street, Cambridge ma 02138. year basis. All other subscriptions begin with Phone: 617 491 2600. Fax: 617 576 5088. the next available issue. Email: [email protected]. Single issues: $13 for individuals; $33 for insti- Library of Congress Catalog No. 12-30299 tutions. Outside the United States and Canada isbn 978-0-262-75112-4 add $6 per issue for postage and handling. Prices subject to change without notice. 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In this issue The Two Worlds of Race Revisited: A Meditation on Race in the Age of Obama by Gerald Early . 11 Nearly ½fty years ago, the American Academy organized a conference and two issues of its journal Dædalus on the topic of “The Negro American.” The project engaged top intel- lectuals and policy-makers around the conflicts and limitations of mid-1960s liberalism in dealing with race. Speci½cally, they grappled with the persistent question of how to integrate a forced-worker population that had been needed but that was socially undesir- able once its original purpose no longer existed. Today, racism has been discredited as an idea and legally sanctioned segregation belongs to the past, yet the question the confer- ence participants explored–in essence, how to make the unwanted wanted–still remains. Recent political developments and anticipated demographic shifts, however, have recast the terms of the debate. Gerald Early, guest editor for the present volume, uses Barack Obama’s election to the presidency as a pretext for returning to the central question of “The Negro American” project and, in turn, asking how white liberalism will fare in the context of a growing minority population in the United States. Placing his observations alongside those made by John Hope Franklin in 1965, Early positions his essay, and this issue overall, as a meditation on how far we have come in America to reach “the age of Obama” and at the same time how far we have to go before we can overcome “the two worlds of race.” The Two Worlds of Race: A Historical View by John Hope Franklin . 28 Franklin’s essay traces the practices, policies, and laws that, from colonial times through the mid-1960s moment when he composed his essay, created and sustained the two worlds of race in America. He outlines the history of efforts from that period to alleviate racial distinctions and to foster a “world of equality and complete human fellowship.” Franklin cautions, however, that even certain well-intentioned efforts to extend services, opportu- nities, and rights to African Americans sometimes reinforced segregation and discrimina- tion.