TOXINS AND DRUGS REPORTED TO INDUCE SEIZURES Resource Library > Tables > Toxins and drugs reported to induce seizures Author: BS Koppel Support information on page: Drugs & Their Contribution to Seizures > Metabolic encephalopathy Alcohols and glycols scopolamine Antidepressants, cyclic ethanol amitriptyline ethylene glycol amoxapine methanol clomipramine propylene glycol desipramine doxepin Anesthetics, local imipramine nortriptyline bupivacaine protriptyline cocaine trimipramine lidocaine procaine Antidepressants, other proparacaine tetracaine bupropion fluoxetine Anesthetics, general maprotiline mianserin enflurane trazodone etomidate isoflurane Antifungals ketamine methohexital amphotericin miconazole Antibiotics Antihistamines cephalosporins ciprofloxacin astemizole gentamicin brompheniramine imipenem/cilastatin chlorpheniramine isoniazid diphenhydramine metronidazole doxylamine nalidixic acid hydroxyzine norfloxacin pyrilamine penicillins Antineoplastics Anticonvulsants bleomycin carbamazepine busulphan ethosuximide carmustine phenytoin chlorambucil valproic acid cisplatin cytarabine mechlorethamine Anticholinergics methotrexate vinblastine atropine vincristine benztropine mesylate diphenhydramine optic cyclopentolate Antiparasitics chloroquine baclofen oxamniquine albuterol pyrimethamine Hydrocarbons Mushrooms acetone Antivirals cyclopeptides benzene monomethylhydrazine acyclovir camphor muscimol-ibotenic acid amantadine ethyl ether orellanine eucalyptus oil psilocybe Asphyxiants methylene chloride nitromethane Neuroleptics acetylene phenol butane pine oil thiothixene carbon dioxide toluene haloperidol ethane turpentine oil lithium carbonate methane xylene nitrogen propane Neuromuscular blockers Immunosuppressives atracurium Cardiovascular agents azathioprine tubocurarine aprindine cyclosporin digoxin glucocorticosteroids Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory disopyramide drugs (NSAIDs) encainide Inhalants flecainide ibuprofen lidocaine carbon monoxide ketoprofen lorcainide mefenamic acid methyldopa naproxen metoprolol Insecticides piroxicam mexiletine phenylbutazone benzene hexachloride osmolal salicylates (Lindane) propafenone carbamates propranolol Opioids quinidine organochlorines quinine organophosphates alfentanil tocainide pyrethrins fentanyl verapamil rotenone meperidine morphine Insect repellent pentazocine Drugs of abuse propoxyphene N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide sufentanil amphetamines (DEET) cocaine lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Metal chelators marijuana methamphetamine ("ice") deferoxamine phencyclidine (PCP) edetic acid (EDTA) penicillamine Drug withdrawal Metals anticonvulsants aluminum barbiturates arsenic benzodiazepines bismuth salts ethanol copper other sedative-hypnotic agents iron lead Hypoglycemics mercury insulin Muscle relaxants sulfonylureas Plants Sympathomimetics Miscellaneous akee (hypoglycins) amphetamines allopurinol angel's trumpet (belladonna aminophenzole borates alkaloids) caffeine bromocriptine azalea (grayanotoxin) doxapram cimetidine bleeding hearts (isoquinoline ephedrine colchicine alkaloids) etamivan corticosteroids Carolina jasmine (Gelsemium) flurothyl cyanide chinaberry imidazoline class cycloserine Christmas rose (glycosides) lobeline dantrolene daffodil (narcissine, lycorine) methylphenidate disulfiram deadly nightshade (solanine metrazole ergonovine alkaloids) phenylephrine ergot alkaloids golden chain (quinolizidine phenylpropanolamine erythropoietin alkaloids) picrotoxin famotidine ground hemlock (Taxus) prethcamide fluoride juniper (essential oils) pseudoephedrine hydrogen sulfide jimson weed (solanaceous strychnine levamisole alkaloids) terbutaline levodopa Jerusalem cherry (solanine theophylline levothyroxine alkaloids) nicotine mountain laurel (cytisine) Vaccines pimozide mistletoe probenecid poison hemlock (Conium measles vaccine prostaglandins maculatum) pertussis vaccine thyrotropin-releasing hormone rhododendron (grayanotoxin) rhubarb (oxalic acid) strychnine nux vomicus tobacco (nicotine) umbrella plant (essential oils) water hemlock (cicutoxin) yew (Taxus) Radiographic contrast media diatrizoic acid iopamidol iothalamate meglumine metrizamide metrizoate Rodenticides fluoroacetate phosphorus phosphine strychnine thallium vacor Sedative hypnotics reversal agents flumazenil Adapted from: Koppel BS. Contribution of drugs and drug interactions (prescribed, over the counter, and illicit) to seizures and epilepsy. In: Ettinger AB and Devinsky O, eds. Managing epilepsy and co-existing disorders. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002;155-173. With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com). Reviewed and revised March 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board. .