m id # $ WHS TRüCTTo* ox STUDY OF HARBOR DESIGN COMPILED BY CHAO HWA, CHU TENG-KAO AND HSU ZAN-ZIANG V O LU M E I o f / fa * l/p/^cs REPRODUCED BY TA U. S. WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION 7 VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI .W34 H95 1945 Vol. 1 J U L Y 1945 □ B R A C T MAY 22 1968 Bureau of Reclamation Denver, Colorado BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DENVER LIBRARY ^ A 92098412 ^ ^ .X WAR DEPARTMENT CORPS OF ENGINEERS MISSISSIPPI RIVER COMMISSION U. S. WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI FOREWORD The principles of harbor design are an important, yet often not clearly understood part of the present accumulation of engineering knowledge. This general lack of under­ standing is due in part to the extreme complexity of the natural phenomena involved in the design of harbors and harbor protective works, and in part to inadequate dissemination of technical literature pertaining to the effects of various harbor designs on wave and surge action. This report was prepared with the hope that it might assist in alleviating to some extent the latter deficiency. Contained herein is a digest of the material compiled over a period of years for use as reference by engineers of the U. S. Waterways Experiment Station working on designs for harbor improvement structures. The report was prepared by Messrs. Chao Hwa, Chu Teng-Kao, and Hsu Zan Ziang, three Chinese harbor engineers, while on a visit to the Lower Mississippi Valley Division office of the U. S. Engineer Department. Mr. Robert Y. Hudson, Engineer in charge of the Wave Action Section of the U. S. Water­ ways Experiment Station, supervised the compilation and furnished the list of references used. The Office, Chief of Engineers, authorized reproduction of the report in its exact form as a publication of general interest and value to the Department-at-Large. Per­ mission to reproduce the report was granted by the International Training Administra­ tion, Washington, D. C., and the Chinese Supply Commission. Data and opinions set forth, and methods described in the report do not necessarily carry the official sanction of the War Department. STUDY OF HARBOR DESIGN Compiled By Messrs. Chao Hwa, Chu Teng-Kao and Hsu Zan-Ziang From Reference Material in the Engineer Department Research Center Library U. S. Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, Mississippi United States of America Volume I July 1945 STUDY OF HARBOUR DESIGN CONTENTS Foreward i 2£2. Preface ^ Chapter I General Harbour Design 1 . Introduction i 2 • Definition and Types....... .......................••••••••••••••••• 2 3 * General P rinciples of Harbour D e s i g n . • • • • • • • . .. 3 4 * Harbour Capacity## # # 0 # # # 5 * Site Selection.......................................... ^ 6. General Remarks on Harbour Design D a t a 10 Wind - Waves - Littoral Currents and Drifts - Tides - Seiches - River Flow 7 . Arrangement of Harbour W o r k s . 21 8. Breakwater A l i g n m e n t #0### 25 9 # General Features of Breakwater with Respect to Their Positions......................................... 29 10. Harbours at Lagoons • • • • • • • • • ................ 32 11 . Harbour Exposure .................................. 33 12 . General Remarks on Entrance ...................................................... 3*7 13 . Entrance Width and Channel Depth Ifi H4.. General Harbour Layout and Other F a c i lit ie s ......... ............ 50 15. Conclusion .................................................................................................53 Bibliography ........................................................... 55 Chapter II Study on Wave Action 1. Introduction .............••••♦ ............. 1 2 . History of Wave Study 2 3 . Wave Formation and its Relation with Fetch and Wind Velocity................................................................ ••••••••••• 4 > Theoretical Considerations of Wave M otion.................. j 5 . Relationship between Wave Characteristics at Various ..................................... ................................... .................................. 6. Wave Action in Relation to Harbour Protection Works . 19 7 . Calculation of Wave Pressure Against Maritime Structures 30 8. Measurement of Wave C h a ra c te ris tic s ............. 36 Nomenclature .................................................................................................... ¡g Bibliography .................................................. ^5 Chapter III Breakwaters* Design and Construction !• General Description,.......................... 1 2, Vertical-Wall Breakwater .........,,••»,,»•• 3 Construction - Design - Example 3* Underwater F o u n d a tio n s ........................... .. 16 Wave Pressure on a Vertical-Wall Breakwater,,••••*,,•»• 18 5. Rubble-Mound Breakwater,....................................................................21 Core of Nucleus - Principle Covering - Secondary Covering - Ridge or Parapet - Example 6. Experience in Breakwater Construction (with Experimental Study) 36 Chapter IV Design* Construction and Operation of Harbour Mbdels 1, General Design.• 1 2, Similitude of Harbour Models,• I4. 3* Construction of Harbour Mode Is ................................ 11 Ij., Model Appurtenances, llj. 3» Operation of M o d e l s , • 18 6» Solution of Hiavw lotion Problems,23 PREFACE It is needless to say th^t this special branch of knowledge^ harbour engineering, is still in its cradle stage. Due to the most complexity of the natural phenomena, no one at present can design a harbour in such a manner -wholly based on theoretical way. i«e 'write this report 'with the only purpose to try through this branch of knowledge to make a reference for our own. We, of course, are far from a position to present any new ideas, either practical or theo­ retical, on this particular subject. The report consists of four parts. The first part gives a general idea about harbour design, such as selection of harbour site and arrange­ ment of harbour works. Many existed harbours of various types are discussed here for illustration. The second part deals with the theoretical considera­ tions of wave action; recognized theories and formulas are introduced. The third part gives the methods of design and construction of breakwaters which play a very important part in the whole construction works of a harbour. The fourth part gives a brief discussion of harbour model studies. The sourcesfrom which the subject matter has been collected dre listed in the bibliography. Here we wish to express our hearty thanks to Brig. General M. C. Tyler, President of the Mississippi River Commission, and Mr. G. H. Matthes, Director of. the U. S, Yfeterways Experiment Station, for their kind arrangement for us to keep study in the Experiment Station on this subject, m especially thank Mr. B. Y. Hudson, Chief of Wave Section, for his kind instruction during the period when we studied in his section. i His valuable suggestions and directions make possible for us to write this report. Also, we appreciate the kindness of M s s R. F. Heisey, Miss S. E. Biggers, librarians, and Miss. J. 0. Cook, typist, for their help extended to us. Chao, Hwa Chu, Teng-Kao Hsu, Zan-Ziang Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S.A. July I9J4.5 ii STUDY OP HARBOUR DESIGN CHAPTER I GENERAL HARBOUR DESIGN Introduction 1, As vessels gradually increased in number, size, and importance, so the need for more spacious accommodation became the more pressing and the demand for larger and better harbours the more imperative. So the primitive landing spots for canoes gradually changed into modern, well- equipped ports. This is just natural response to the growth of our human economic life, the progress of which indicates the evidence of our struggling for a better world* 2# Dating back between two and three thousand years prior to the commencement of the Christian era, an artificial harbour was built up at Tyre by Phoenicians under the stimulation of business. Once Europeans diverted their interest to overseas for colonies after the Dark Ages, the shipping rapidly expanded with a boom of seaports. The governments of nations, or cities, or even private concerns had to invest in the facilitie of a harbour in order to expedite the dispatch of the vessels for their competitive profits# At. the same time, the keen competition in trades between nations and safe-guarding against piracy naturally brought up the naval forces which in turn increased the burden upon the harbours# In other respects, the small fishery harbours manifested their importance by numbers so that we can not neglect them at all. 3# The Great World Wars caused the extravagant demand upon harbours# The harbour authorities faced new problems that they never had experienced before, as camouflage against air raids, accommodations for big convoy fleets, immense space for the anchorage of vessels loaded -with explo­ sives, and of the seaplanes. Bottleneck has become the headache of our ports, -which still requires to be solved today. 1±. However important the harbours may be, and however long they may have been developed since thousands of years ago, the science of harbour engineering still is at its young age. Although we expect so much of them, yet the factor involved due to natural forces to our economic demands is so intricate that exact analyses and methods of control sometimes become impossible. What this treatise tries to explain is just the first step in the harbour study. Definition and Types 5* A harbour is a tract of water within which vessels have their shelter from onset of heavy seas, operate cargo or passenger transfer, and receive