../ REP OR TRESUMES .-- ...."' ED 016 087 VT 003 693 INTERNATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN FACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR MOBILITY. BY SELLIER, F. ZARKA, C. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGAN., GENEVA (SWITZERLAND) REPORT NUMBER AUT/DOC/7 PUB DATE 66 ERRS PRICE MF$1.25HC$11.44 264F. DESCRIPTORS *MOBILITY, *MIGRATION PATTERNS, STATISTICAL SURVEYS, *SOCIOECONOMIC INFLUENCES, UNEMPLOYMENT,*EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS, *POPULATION TRENDS, LABOR FORCE,GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY, FRANCE, GERMANY,'ITALY, SWEDEN, THE GEOGRAPHICA,, OCCUPATIONAL, AND INTERFIRM MOBILITY, AND THE FACTORS AF'c.CTING THESE MOVEMENTS FOR WORKERSIN FRANCE, ITALY, GERMANY, AND SWEDEN IN THE PERIODSINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR ARE STUDIED. DATA OBTAINED FROMINDUSTRIAL SURVEYS AND GENERAL CENSUSES WERE USED TO COMPARETHE FOUR COUNTRIES WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH THE UNITED STATES. INDUSTRIALIZED WESTERN EUROPE NOW EXPORTS LITTLE MANPOWERTO OTHER CONTINENTS AND, IN FACT, IMPORTS FOREIGN WORKERSFROM AFRICA OR MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE. THE INTERNAL MIGRATIONSIN THE UNITED STATES AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OFGERMANY HAVE BEEN SIMILAR WITH SOMEWHAT LESS MIGRATION IN FRANCEAND ITALY. ALLOWING FOR THE DIFFICULTIES INHERENT IN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, IT APPEARS THAT OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IS NO HIGHER IN THE UNITED STATES THAN INTHE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. THE MOBILITY RATES BETWEENFIRMS ARE SIMILAR IN GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES, BUT SWEDENHAS HIGHER AND ITALY AND FRANCE LOWER RATES THAN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY. FACTORS AFFECTING GEOGRAPHICALMOBILITY WERE REGIONAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, REGIONALDIFFERENCES IN UNEMPLOYMENT, AVAILABILITY OF HOUSING, AND CHANGE INTRADE UNION ATTITUDES. THE APPENDIX PRESENTS 12 STUDIES OFSPECIFIC CASES OF LABOR MOBILITY IN FIRMS IN FRANCE, WESTGERMANY, AND ITALY. (HC) e.........., AUT/DOC/7 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE Automation Programme INTERNATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN FACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR MOBILITY Report prepared for the Manpower Administration, Office of Manpower Policy, Evaluation and Research, United States Department of Labor if GENEVA 1966 AUT/DOC/7 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE IA Automa'don Programme U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION& WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIALOFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. INTERNATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN FACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR MOBILITY , Reportprepared for the ManpowerAdministration, Office of Manpower Policy,Evaluationand Research, United StatesDepartment of Labor GENEVA 1965 NOTE This study has been carried out by Professors F. Sellier and C. Zarka, both of the Universite d'AixMarseille, AixenProvence, France, under the direction of Mr. N.N. Franklin, Economic Adviser, I.L.O. Occasional references in the text to "Project G" relate to a second related projeo6 carried out for the U.S. Department of Labor, "Redundancy Procedures in Selected Western European Countries" (AUT/ECON/2). 'In this study, attention has been directed primarily to France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy and Sweden, Some statistical and other data relating to other Western European countries have also been included. There is only brief reference to developments in the United Kingdom since information on that Country is readily available. The body of the report contains a review of material concerning specific countries and a summary and conclusions. The appendix presents 12 studies of specific cases examined in the course of preparing the report. The material in this report was prepared under contract with the Office of Manpower Policy, Evaluation and Research, U.S. Department of Labor, under the authority of Title I of the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962, as amended. Researchers undertaking such projects under U.S. Government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their professional judgment. Therefore, points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent the official position or policy of the U.S. Department of Later. -ii- CONTENTS Introduction Part I: Labour Mobility: A Statistical Survey ..... 9 Introduction Chapter I: Geographical Mobility Chapter II: Occupational Mobility Chapter III: Turnover between Undertakings Part II: National Policies to Facilitate Optimum Mobility Introduction 121 Chapter I: France 125 Chapter II: Italy 141 Chapter III: Germany (Federal Republic of) 149 Chapter IV: Sweden 157 Chapter V: Western Europe (international Policies) Part III: Some Factors Affecting Mobility Part IV: Summary and Conclusions Appendix : Twelve Case Studies 211 France 214 Germany (Federal Republic of) 244 Italy 276 ..."-.1--,,,......*. INTRODUCTION During the 1950s it appeared that the return to a situation of full employment in most of the European industrialised countries was bound to raise new problems for the authorities. Though less acute than those which arose out of the mass unemployment during the Great Depression, these problems nevertheless had a certain acuteness which must be briefly recalled. There was one current of opinion, derived from Keynes and Beveridge, which came to consider that an inralucible unemployment rate of some 3 per cent, of the total labour force was normal. This would serve to facilitate the indispensable transfers of labour from sectors that were declining, stagnant or not showing much pro- gress to the more dynamic sectors and would thus promote growth. Public opinion soon thought this rate excessive and experience has proved it so. Average rates of unemployment in many Western Europ- ean countries have been much below this for many years. In general a cause for great satisfaction, this situation nevertheless gives rise to various kinds of concern - dangers of inflation, bottlenecks in certain sectors or lack of skilled labour, difficulties in the way of appreciably prolonging the time spent at school and/or the vocational training of young people (attracted by relatively high wages), etc. Although on the global scale full employment- and even perhaps a certain measure of "over-employment" - marked the economy of numerous Western countries, it is also true that in a certain number of sectors or regions which were in absolute or relative decline, there was a surplus of labour whose reconversion was not necessarily assisted by the economic development. Psycho - sociological resistance by the workers was not easily overcome by the authori- ties. In particular, there were cases of early retirement of workers displaced by the effects of technical progress and by changes in consumers' tastes, and at the same timemass immigration of workers from other regions or cliGlaTa775177aZcepted the jobs offered them in the growth sectors. The object of the present survey is to review the movements of A workers from the triple viewpoint of geographical mobility,occupa- tional mobility and mobility between firms, and the factors affect- - ing these movements. This study is limited to the movements in the period since the Second World War and to the highly developed Western countries. Particular attention will be dev..)ted to France, 'Fr Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany and Sweden, and effortswill be made to compare experience in these four countries notonly with each other but also with the United States of America. During this brief introductionwe propose, first to explain the notion of "mobility of labour" as used here, and secondlyto des- cribe the general structure of thereport. - 2 - DeConce -_._2tcd:j_..Nobility I. The concept of "labour mobility" as used in scientific literature calls to mind a great number of situations which, it is true, have a certain affinity but which nevertheless differ in reality. The ambiguity is usually set aside by using the term mobilitz with a qualification, such as horizontal and ver- tical mobility, social mobility, geographical mobility, occupa- tional mobility, mobility between firms or between industries, etc. There is even a tendency to be more precise by employing longer expressions. In sociological literature reference is frequently made, for example, to social mobility from one generation to another - often it is a matter of rising in the social scale, the "status" of the children being regarded as higher than that of the parents, according to subjective or objective criteria. Geographical mobility has various aspects which nay even represent situations of a quite different naturo. For example a study by the E.C.8.C.1 recalls the importance of daily or weekly mobility in the European industrial countries in showing the situation of workers who leave their homes for a day or a week and make use of various means of transport,2 Mobility may also of course be seasonal, annual or multi-annual (the,migrant worker returning, or hoping to return, to the place he went away from after a longer or shorter space of time) or, at the other end of the spectrum, a final change of residence. Still on the subject of geographical mobility, a worker may change his residence while remaining in the same district of the town, or may change his district, municipality, county (or canton, province or "area"), region (or department, "land ", state of a federation or confederation), country and/or continent. Each of these situations expresses a quite specific psychological, social and economic reality; accordingly it is indispensable to specify the types of geographical mobility which will be dealt with in the present study.3 1 Obsta le h 3.a nobiliaieurs et mak: 14etation.rads