Phono-Logical Theories BBK Spring 2013 6: Optimality Theory Problems with the linear model - recap ●With (the) derivation ●No logical connection / causal relation between structural description and structural change ●=> overgenerates ●abstract UR's, extrinsic rule ordering, intermediate repr's ●solution: non-derivational theories: ●Government Phonology (GP) ●Optimality Theory (OT) OT: intro ● UG contains a set of violable constraints ● constraints: universal properties of lang ● each lang has its own ranking for these constraints ● differences between constraint rankings => different patterns => systematic variation between languages ● ranking: A >> B OT: intro ● fundamental conflict: markedness constraints vs. faithfulness constraints ● markedness constraints, e.g. ONSET, NoCoda ● OT: intro OT: intro ● fundamental conflict: markedness constraints vs. faithfulness constraints ● markedness constraints, e.g. ONSET, NoCoda ● faithfulness constraints: require that the output be identical to the input ● OT: intro OT: intro ● fundamental conflict: markedness constraints vs. faithfulness constraints ● markedness constraints, e.g. ONSET, NoCoda ● faithfulness constraints: require that the output be identical to the input ● a constraint may be violated successfully only in order to satisfy a higher-ranked constraint ● Principles and Parameters replaced by language-particular ranking of universal constraints OT: intro ● output-oriented: "conspiracy" of phonological regularities ● standard representations, novel mechanism for "derivation" (evaluation) ● originally developed for phonology, later applied to syntax, morphology and other branches of linx OT: the structure of grammar OT: the constraints OT: the structure of grammar OT: the structure of grammar OT: the structure of grammar Summary Example: Dutch Example: Dutch Example: Dutch vs. English Example: allophonic variation Example: allophonic variation Example: allophonic variation Example: allophonic variation .