On Global Citizenship CRITICAL POWERS Series Editors: Bert van den Brink (University of Utrecht), Antony Simon Laden (University of Illinois, Chicago), Peter Niesen (University of Hamburg) and David Owen (University of Southampton). Critical Powers is dedicated to constructing dialogues around innovative and original work in social and political theory. The ambition of the series is to be pluralist in welcoming work from different philosophical traditions and theoretical orientations, ranging from abstract conceptual argument to concrete policy-relevant engagements, and encouraging dialogue across the diverse approaches that populate the field of social and political theory. All the volumes in the series are structured as dialogues in which a lead essay is greeted with a series of responses before a reply by the lead essayist. Such dialogues spark debate, foster understanding, encourage innovation and perform the drama of thought in a way that engages a wide audience of scholars and students. Forthcoming titles include: Justice, Democracy and the Right to Justification, Rainer Forst Autonomy Gaps, Joel Anderson Rogue Theodicy – Politics and Power in the Shadow of Justice, Glen Newey On Global Citizenship James Tully in Dialogue James Tully LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury is a registered trade mark of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 © James Tully and contributors, 2014 This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives Licence. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher. For permission to publish commercial versions please contact Bloomsbury Academic. James Tully has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury Academic or the author. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. eISBN: 978-1-8496-6516-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Contents List of Contributors vi Series Editor’s Foreword viii Part 1 Lead Essay 1 On Global Citizenship James Tully 3 Part 2 Responses 2 The Authority of Civic Citizens Anthony Simon Laden 103 3 James Tully’s Agonistic Realism Bonnie Honig and Marc Stears 131 4 Pictures of Democratic Engagement: Claim-Making, Citizenization and the Ethos of Democracy Aletta J. Norval 153 5 To Act Otherwise: Agonistic Republicanism and Global Citizenship Duncan Bell 181 6 Civil Disobedience as a Practice of Civic Freedom Robin Celikates 207 7 Modern versus Diverse Citizenship: Historical and Ideal Theory Perspectives Andrew Mason 229 8 Instituting Civic Citizenship Adam Dunn and David Owen 247 Part 3 Reply 9 On Global Citizenship: Replies to Interlocutors James Tully 269 Bibliography 329 Index 349 List of Contributors Duncan Bell is a senior lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Christ’s College. He is the author of The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860–1900 (Princeton University Press, 2007), and several edited collections, the most recent of which is (with Joel Isaac) Uncertain Empire: American History and the Idea of the Cold War (Oxford University Press, 2012). Robin Celikates is associate professor of political and social philosophy at the Department of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam and an associated member of the Institut für Sozialforschung (Institute for Social Research) in Frankfurt am Main. His most recent book is Kritik als soziale Praxis. Gesellschaftliche Selbstverständigung und kritische Theorie (Criticism as Social Practice. Social Self-Understanding and Critical Theory), with a preface by Axel Honneth (Campus, 2009). Adam Dunn is a visiting fellow at the Centre for Citizenship, Globalization and Governance at the University of Southampton. He is currently completing a book manuscript on Hannah Arendt: Judgment, Action and Institutions. Bonnie Honig is Nancy Duke Lewis Professor in the Departments of Modern Culture and Media (MCM) and Political Science at Brown University. Her most recent book is Antigone, Interrupted (Cambridge University Press, 2013). Anthony Laden is professor of philosophy, and Chair, of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Illinois Chicago. His most recent book is Reasoning: A Social Picture (Oxford University Press, 2012). Andrew Mason is professor of political theory in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick. His most recent book is Living Together as Equals: The Demands of Citizenship (Oxford University Press, 2012). List of Contributors vii David Owen is professor of social and political philosophy in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Southampton. His most recent book is Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morality (Acumen Press, 2007). Marc Stears is professor of political theory, university lecturer, and fellow, University College (currently on leave as chief speechwriter to the leader of the opposition, Rt Hon Ed Miliband, MP). His most recent book is Demanding Democracy: American Radicals in Search of a New Politics (Princeton University Press, 2010). James Tully is distinguished professor of political science, law, indigenous governance and philosophy at the University of Victoria. He is fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and emeritus fellow of the Trudeau Foundation. In 2010 he was awarded the Killam Prize in the Humanities for his outstanding contribution to scholarship and Canadian public life. His two-volume work, Public Philosophy in a New Key (Cambridge University Press, 2008), was awarded the C. B. Macpherson Prize by the Canadian Political Science Association for the best book in political theory written in English or French in Canada 2008–10. He is consulting editor of the journals Political Theory and Global Constitutionalism, co-editor of the Clarendon Works of John Locke and former co-editor of the Cambridge Ideas in Context Series. Series Editor’s Foreword On Global Citizenship and Public Philosophy James Tully’s lead essay for this volume offers a substantive reflection on citizenship as the main upshot of his investigations of contemporary global politics. In this essay, Tully distinguishes two modes of citizenship – modern/civil and diverse/civic – that align with ‘restricted’ and ‘open’ practices of democracy. The ‘modern citizen’ stands towards citizenship as a status-securing liberty within an institutional framework of rules that compose democratic rule, whereas the ‘diverse citizen’ is oriented towards citizenship as the freedom of participation – as actors in contexts of governance engaged in democratic praxis, not the citizen of an institution (e.g. a state) but the free citizen of the ‘free city’: that is, any kind of civic world or democratic ‘sphere’ that comes into being among them. Tully’s aim is to show us that when we adopt this civic stance it becomes clear that another world is not simply possible but actual, that civic citizens engaged in contesting norms of governance from local to global contexts and in cooperatively organizing themselves are a widespread feature of our common world. This essay is also, however, an exemplification of an approach to political philosophy that Tully terms ‘public philosophy’ – and in order to contextualize Tully’s essay as well as the responses to it, it may be helpful to offer a sketch of this approach. For Tully, political theory is to be understood as the methodical extension of the self-reflective character of historically situated practices of practical reasoning and not as a distinct higher-order activity of theoretical reflection on these situated practices of practical reasoning. As such political theory is not oriented to legislating the nature and limits of practical reason (e.g. by trying to provide a general theory of justice) but to the reflective elucidation and negotiation of the contents Series Editor’s Foreword ix and bounds of practical reason. The authority of the reasons offered by political theory are not to be seen as modelled on the commands of a rational legislator specifying, for example, the form of the just society but rather as more akin to invitations to consider looking at our political relationship in a different way. We can distinguish three steps in Tully’s ‘public philosophy’ that comprise its critical activity. The first is that, following Wittgenstein, Skinner and Foucault, it grants a primacy to practice, that is, it focuses on the practices of governance and the exercise of freedom within and over the norms of these practices that shapes the forms of thought, conduct and subjectivity characteristic of the present. From Wittgenstein, Tully draws out the point that Arendt’s understanding of the practice of freedom – of speaking and acting differently in the course of a language game and so modifying or transforming the game – is not a special feature of politics or a form of freedom restricted to certain modes of human interaction but, rather, is a general feature of human practices and relationships. Tully takes Skinner and Foucault to be the primary inheritors of this outlook. In the case of Skinner, this involves tracing the intersubjective conventions that govern political reflection in a given context in order to show how political actors in that context have exercised their freedom in modifying those conventions. In the case of Foucault, it involves providing a genealogy of the problematizations in terms of which we understand ourselves as bound by certain limits; a genealogy which is, at the same time, a redescription of those limits.