HISTORY AND CULTURE OF UKRAINE the textbook for international students by V. Alkov Second Edition 0 МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я УКРАЇНИ Харківський національний медичний університет HISTORY AND CULTURE OF UKRAINE the textbook for international students by V. Alkov Second Edition В. Альков ІСТОРІЯ І КУЛЬТУРА УКРАЇНИ підручник для іноземних студентів, які навчаються англійською мовою Друге видання Харків ХНМУ 2021 1 УДК [94:008](477)=111(075.8) A56 Затверджено Вченою радою ХНМУ. Протокол № 5 від 22.04.2021. Reviewers: Arzumanova T. V. ‒ PhD, associate professor of Kharkiv National University of Construction and Architecture Yeremieiev P. V. ‒ PhD, associate professor of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Alkov V. A56 History and Culture of Ukraine : the textbook for international students. Second edition. ‒ Kharkiv : KhNMU, 2021. ‒ 160 p. The second edition of the textbook is intended for first-year English Medium students of higher educational institutions and a wide range of readers to get substantively acquainted with complex and centuries-old history and culture of Ukraine. Main attention is drawn to formation of students’ understanding of historical and cultural processes and regularities inherent for Ukraine in different historical periods. For a better understanding of it, the textbook contains maps and illustrations, as well as original creative questions and tasks aimed at thinking development. Альков В. А. A56 Історія і культура України : підручник для іноземних студентів, які навчаються англійською мовою. Друге видання. ‒ Харків : ХНМУ, 2021. ‒ 160 с. Друге видання підручника пропонується англомовним студентам першого року навчання вищих навчальних закладів та широкому колу читачів для базового ознайомлення зі складною багатовіковою історією та культурою України. Основна увага приділяється формуванню розуміння студентами історико-культурних процесів і закономірностей, властивих Україні в різні історичні періоди. Для кращого розуміння цього підручник містить карти та ілюстрації, а також оригінальні творчі запитання та завдання, спрямовані на розвиток мислення. УДК [94:008](477)=111(075.8) © Харківський національний ємедичний університет, 2021 © Альков В. А., 2021 2 Contents I Exordium. Ukrainian Lands in Ancient Times 4 1. General issues . 4 2. Primitive society in the lands of modern Ukraine. Greek colonies . 6 3. Eastern Slavic Tribes . 15 II Princely Era (9th century – 1340-s of 14th century) . 20 1. Kievan Rus as an early feudal state . 20 2. Disintegration of Kievan Rus and Galicia-Volhynia Principality . 24 3. Development of culture during the Princely Era . 28 III Ukrainian Lands under the Power of Poland and Lithuania . 35 1. Political, social, and economic features of Ukrainian lands in Grand Principality of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . 35 2. Culture of the Lithuanian and Polish Period . 40 IV Time of the Cossacks . 50 1. Emergence of the Cossacks in Ukrainian lands . 50 2. Liberational War under the lead of B. Khmelnytsky . 54 3. The Ruin . 61 4. Specific character of Cossack culture . 64 V Ukrainian Lands in 18th Century . 66 1. Hetmanate of Ivan Mazepa . 66 2. Limitation of Hetmanate’s autonomy. Ukrainian lands in Poland . 68 3. Ukrainian culture of 18th century . 72 VI Ukrainian Lands during the “Long” 19th Century . 83 1. Age of crisis, Modernization in the Russian Empire and Ukrainian lands . 83 2. Western Ukrainian lands in the Habsburg Empire . 88 3. Ukrainian cultural revival. Mentality . 89 4. Development of literature and fine arts . 91 5. Education and science . 97 VII Ukrainian Lands during the Great War and Revolution . 100 1. Ukraine during the World War I . 100 2. Ukrainian revolution of 1917‒1921 . 103 3. Western Ukrainian lands in 1918‒1920 . 110 4. Cultural development of the revolutionary era . 111 VIII Ukrainian Lands in the Interwar Era (20‒30es of 20th Century) . 114 1. Soviet Ukraine in the 20‒30es . 114 2. Ukrainian lands as parts of Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia during the 20-30es of the 20th century . 118 3. Culture of the Early Soviet period . 124 IX World War II and Recovery of Soviet Ukraine . 129 1. Ukraine during the Second World War (1939‒1945) . 129 2. Post-War recovery . 139 3. Culture in the days of despair and triumph . 141 X Late UkrSSR and Independence . 144 1. Khrushchev reforms and Ukraine . 144 2. UkrSSR during the “Stagnation” era . 146 3. “Perestroika” and the collapse of the Soviet system . 149 4. Culture of the late Soviet period . 152 5. Independent Ukraine: economy, politics, and culture . 154 Recommended Literature . 159 3 Chapter I. Exordium. Ukrainian Lands in Ancient Times 1. General issues. 2. Primitive society in the lands of modern Ukraine. Greek colonies. 3. East Slavic Tribes 1. General issues The integrated course “History and Culture of Ukraine” consists of 2 components – historical and cultural. The first one, History, is the science that studies development of human society from the appearance of the first human to nowadays basing on historical sources. Historical sources are ones that directly reflect historical process. It may be archaeological items before the appearance of writing, documentary sources, ethnographical, oral, linguistical, photo and films, phonodocuments. Historiography is the totality of scientific researches in the field of history dedicated to a particular topic, problem or historical period. These are books and articles based on historical sources. Also, it is considered as a scientific discipline that studies history of historical science. To be a science, a discipline needs its own object and subject. The object is the same for all the Social Sciences. This is society. However, the subject is specific for separate disciplines. For History it is a historical development of the human society, for History of culture it is a cultural development of the human society. The subject of History of Ukraine is a historical development of human society on the territory of modern Ukraine since the appearance of the first human there approximately 1 million years ago. Subject of history of culture is a complex study of a big variety of spheres: history of science and technique, household activities, education and social thought, folklore and literature studies, history of arts. History of culture generalizes all these knowledge and investigates culture as a system of different branches. The development of human society includes culture, so we can use the subject of History of Ukraine as the subject for the whole course. The main particularity of History of Ukraine is the separation of lands under the rule of different countries during the part of its history. Western Ukraine was separated for a long time. In Western Ukraine, there are several historical regions that have their own history. There are Eastern Galicia (or Halychyna) with the historical center of Lviv (Lvov, Lwow, Lemberg), Northern Bukovina (also Bukovyna, historical center is Chernivtsi), Volhynia (main center is Lutsk), Transcarpathia (Zakarpattia, historical center is Uzhhorod (Uzhgorod)). For the most part, that was predominantly under the rule of the Russian state. There we also have specific regions: Sloboda Region (the center is Kharkov (Kharkiv)), the Donbas (the center is Donetsk), Novorussia (the center is Odessa), Podolia (Podillia, the center is Vynnytsia), Sivershina (the center is Chernihiv (Chernigov)), Central Ukraine (the center is Kiev (Kyiv)), 4 Zaporizhzhia (Zaporozhye) (the center is Dnipro (Dnepropetrovsk)). The status of the Crimea and some other regions are under the question. War conflict is continuing. However, according to the Constitution modern Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 (233,062 sq. m.), making it the largest country entirely within Europe excluding Russia. According to the electronic census of 2020, the population is 37.3 million residents, excluding the Crimea and the Donbas. Ukraine is located in Central-Eastern Europe and borders to Russia to the east, northeast and south, Belorussia to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia, 5 and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. The capital of Ukraine is Kiev. Also, Ukraine consists of two parts: Left and Right bank from the Dnieper River. However, it is vice versa on the map because it depends on the direction of the river flow (to the south). Historically, this was an important trade route, and many of the first major settlements in Ukraine, including its capital city, Kiev, were established on the banks of the Dnieper. 2. Primitive society in the lands of modern Ukraine. Greek colonies Primitive society is the first social and economic formation with a low level of development of productive forces and a classless social organization – primitive communism. Primitive culture had its own characteristic feature – syncretism. It means that forms of consciousness, economic activities, social life, and art were not separated and opposed to each other. Any type of activity contained another type. So, it is hard and pointless to separate history and culture of that period. History of Ukraine started in Transcarpathia 1 million years ago when the first archaeoantropic human came to this area. 40,000 years ago the first people of modern type (Cro-Magnons) came to the territory of Ukraine and replaced the previous type – the Neanderthals. The period of primitive society was the most long-drawn-out in human history. It is 99 % of its history and culture. Archaic culture is the longest,