Downloaded by [Middle East Techincal Uni] at 13:47 04 May 2013 Turkish Foreign Policy since 1774 This revised and updated version of William Hale’s Turkish Foreign Policy 1774–2000 offers a comprehensive and analytical survey of Turkish foreign policy since the last quarter of the eighteenth century, when the Turks’ relations with the rest of the world entered their most critical phase. In recent years Turkey’s international role has changed and expanded dramatically, and the new edition revisits the chapters and topics covered in light of these changes. Drawing on newly available information and ideas, the author carefully alters the earlier historical narrative while preserving the clarity and accessibility of the original. Combining the long historical per- spective with a detailed survey and analysis of the most recent developments, this book fills a clear gap in the literature on Turkey’s modern history. For readers with a broader interest in international history, it also offers a crucial example of how a medium sized power has acted in the international environment. William Hale is a former Professor of Turkish Politics in the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London. Downloaded by [Middle East Techincal Uni] at 13:47 04 May 2013 Praise for previous editions ‘an illuminating insight into the continuities as well as the changes in Turkey’s relations with the outside world since the middle of the eighteen century … a masterly study that includes useful historical maps and an exhaustively impressive bibliography.’ International Affairs ‘an up-to-the-minute account that should satisfy all those who need to understand the motives of Turkish diplomacy today, and to evaluate its results … One of the many merits of Hale’s study is that it relates foreign policy to the Turkish domestic scene, in particular to government instability in the last decade and the mismanagement of the economy which started even earlier.’ Choice ‘provides greater insight into Turkish foreign policy development and should be read by scholars seeking a thorough understanding of the impetus behind Turkey’s changing role in international relations.’ Journal of Peace Research ‘a meticulously researched and lucidly written book with an impressive biography and useful maps. Students and scholars of Turkish foreign policy will be well served by this book for years to come.’ International Journal of Middle East Studies ‘a masterful, detailed study of Turkey’s foreign policy after the end of the cold war and the disintegration of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia … a superb work, a gold mine of reliable and detached information on Turkey’s domestic and foreign affairs. It is both a political history of Turkey and an excellent study of Turkish foreign policy based on official documents and publications as well as on most of the books and articles on the topic.’ The International History Review Downloaded by [Middle East Techincal Uni] at 13:47 04 May 2013 Turkish Foreign Policy since 1774 3rd edition William Hale Downloaded by [Middle East Techincal Uni] at 13:47 04 May 2013 First published 2000 by Frank Cass Publishers Second edition published 2003 by Frank Cass Publishers This edition published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2000, 2003, 2013 William Hale The right of William Hale to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hale, William M. Turkish foreign policy since 1774 / William Hale p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Turkey—Foreign relations—1918–1960. 2. Turkey—Foreign relations—1960–1980. 3. Turkey—Foreign relations—1980– I. Title. DR477.H36 2012 327.56009'034—dc23 2012006764 ISBN 978-0-415-59986-3 (hbk) ISBN 978-0-415-59987-0 (pbk) ISBN 978-0-203-10202-2 (ebk) Typeset in Times by Taylor & Francis Books Downloaded by [Middle East Techincal Uni] at 13:47 04 May 2013 Contents A note on spellings vii List of abbreviations viii Maps x Preface xvi Introduction 1 1 Foreign relations of the late Ottoman Empire, 1774–1918 8 2 Resistance, reconstruction and diplomacy, 1918–39 31 3 Turkey and the Second World War, 1939–45 56 4 Turkey and the Cold War, 1945–63: the engagement phase 78 5 Turkey and the Cold War, 1964–90: global shifts and regional conflicts 104 6 Turkish foreign policy after the Cold War: strategic options and the domestic and economic environments 135 7 Turkey and the west after the Cold War I: Turkey and the United States 158 Downloaded by [Middle East Techincal Uni] at 13:47 04 May 2013 8 Turkey and the west after the Cold War II: Turkey and the European Union 174 9 Turkey and regional politics after the Cold War I: Greece, Cyprus and the Balkans 194 vi Contents 10 Turkey and regional politics after the Cold War II: Russia, the Black Sea, Transcaucasia and central Asia 207 11 Turkey and regional politics after the Cold War III: the Middle East and the wider world 226 12 Conclusions and prospects 249 Notes 259 Bibliography 309 Index 333 Downloaded by [Middle East Techincal Uni] at 13:47 04 May 2013 A note on spellings Since 1928, Turkish has been written in a version of the Latin script, and this has been used for spelling all Turkish personal and place names when writing of the period after the first world war. When writing of the Ottoman period, when Turkish was written in Arabic characters, the transliterations normally used by writers at the time have been adhered to, although this has resulted in some inconsistencies. Similarly, non-Turkish names originally written in the Arabic, Cyrillic or Greek alphabets have been rendered in the way normally used by English language writers, and the author must beg the forgiveness of specialists for any mistakes. In the modern Turkish alphabet, the letters are pronounced roughly as in English, with the following exceptions: a – short ‘a’, as in French, or the English ‘u’ in ‘hut’. c –‘j’, as in English ‘jam’. ç –‘ch’, as in English ‘church’. g˘ – normally silent: lengthens preceding vowel. ι – fi ‘ ’ ‘ ’ as in the rst and last a sin banana . i – as in English ‘bit’: notice the upper case form I. ö – as in German, or the French ‘eu’ in ‘leur’. s¸ –‘sh’,asin‘shut’. ü – as in German, or the French ‘u’ in ‘tu’. Downloaded by [Middle East Techincal Uni] at 13:47 04 May 2013 Abbreviations AKP Justice and Development Party AP Justice Party BDP Peace and Democracy Party BOTAS¸ Turkιsh state pipelιne company BP British Petroleum company BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, China BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation project BTC Baku-Tiflis-Ceyhan oil pipeline CENTO Central Treaty Organization CHP Republican People’s Party CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (later OSCE) DECA Defence and Economic Cooperation Agreement DEP. Democracy Party DISK Reformist Trades Unions Confederation DP Democrat Party DSP Democratic Left Party DTP Democratic Turkey Party, also Democratic Society Party DYP True Path Party EC European Community ECO Economic Cooperation Organization EEC European Economic Community EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product Downloaded by [Middle East Techincal Uni] at 13:47 04 May 2013 GNP Gross National Product ’ HADEP. People s Democracy Party Hak-Is¸ Just Labour Unions Confederation HEP People’s Labour Party IFOR. Implementation Force (in Bosnia-Herzegovina) IHH Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief IMF International Monetary Fund Abbreviations ix ISAF International Security Assistance Force (in Afghanistan) KDP Kurdistan Democratic Party KFOR Kosovo international peace-keeping force KRG Kurdistan Regional Government (in Iraq) MHP Nationalist Action Party MSP. National Salvation Party MÜSIAD Independent Industrialists and Businessmen’s Association NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-governmental organization NSC National Security Council OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OEEC Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (predecessor to OECD) OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe PJAK Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party PLO Palestine Liberation Organization PUK Patriotic Union of Kurdistan RCD Regional Cooperation and Development SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander, Europe SFOR Stabilisation Force (in Bosnia-Herzegovina) SHP Social Democrat People’s Party SOCAR Azerbaijan state petroleum company SP Felicity Party TICA Turkish International Cooperation Agency TPAO Turkish Petroleum Company TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus TRT Turkish Radio and Television Corporation TTOBB. Turkish Union of Chambers