Index abnormally dangerous activities 38–9 behavioral reaction 17–18 academic expertise 112 drones 6 academic institutions/universities 222, legal protection for social robots 276 20–21, 214, 218, 219–20, 222, licensing 181–4 227, 231 accountability 267, 269, 376, 378, 382, movie robots 5 385, 386 anticybersquatting 17 Actroid F 189, 191, 192 appeals 249, 261, 264, 265, 266, 268 Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Apple 191 Missiles (AMRAAMs) 55 Arduino 141 Aegis Combat System 53–4, 55 Arizona 271 agency capture 49 Arkin, R.C. 358 agriculture Asimov, Isaac 5, 26, 173, 357 tomato harvester 352–5, 358–9 Association for Computing Machinery Aibo robot dog 53, 55, 215, 218, 220, (ACM) 223 Code of Ethics and Professional Aiko 189, 191, 192 Conduct 146–7 aircraft Association for Unmanned Vehicle autopilot 26, 101 Systems International (AUVSI) 31 immunity: aviation industry 168 asymmetric element of modern warfare strict liability 364 abnormally dangerous activities asymmetry in power 49, 188, 210 38–9 Atlanta 244 Unmanned Aircraft System (U.A.S.) audit trails 265–6 38–9 augmentation, human 82 airports 10 Australia 244 Aldebaran 215 authenticity 220 Alston, P. 366 automobiles 19, 20, 31, 66, 275–6 Amazon 8, 108, 131, 132 antilock braking systems (ABS) 40, American Law Institute 29, 70 96 American National Standards Institute cruise control 26, 40, 41–2, 84, 258–9 (ANSI) 135 design defects 35 American Traffic Solutions 271 design and safety 26–7, 40, 90, 94, Anderson, C. 106 96 Anderson, K. 357, 381 driverless 12, 40, 55, 78–9, 180, 260 android fallacy 4, 18–21, 22 abnormally dangerous activities animal(s) 38–9 abuse 225, 226–8, 229 control 84–5 sniffer dogs 319–20 Google (GDC) 10–11, 12, 38, 55, anthropomorphism 18–21, 22, 175, 107, 108, 110, 111–12, 118, 189, 310–311, 386 275, 298 387 Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin and Ian Kerr - 9781783476732 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/02/2021 06:45:24AM via free access 388 Robot law human-machine system and human-machine system and automation 95–101 automation 95–101 preemption 49 risk 85, 86 products liability 41–4 unreasonable risk 86–7 proposals for change 45–7, 49 speed 30, 90, 91–5, 100 electronic stability control (ESC) 38, civil disobedience 271 40, 96 experiment: coding traffic law see expert robots: delegation, coding the law relinquishment and law enforcement, automated responsibility 116, 118 235–6, 239, 245, 254, 257–9, driverless car 107, 108, 110, 260, 268, 271 111–12, 118, 120 necessity defense 268 GPS technology 15, 81, 235, 236, strict liability 242, 243, 244, 245, 254 abnormally dangerous activities errors 262–3 38–9 law enforcement and private texting-while-driving restrictions 90 sector devices 255 autonomy 53–6 malfunctions 257 consent 187, 202, 203, 205, 210 insurance 31, 43, 45–6, 180 degrees/levels of 56, 57–8, 74, 215 law enforcement, automated 250, increasing 10, 11, 18, 25, 41, 58, 260, 266–7 88–9, 174, 189 experiment: coding traffic law see low level or no 9 coding the law Wizard of Oz model 161 GPS technology 15, 81, 235, 236, environments 58–61 242, 243, 244, 245, 254, 255, ground-based teleoperated robots 8 257, 262–3 law enforcement, automated 260 legal integration of algorithms robot interrogators 319, 329 257–9 silence, right to 327, 329 license plate reader 246–7, 248–9 lethal autonomous weapons see necessity defense 268 killer robots red light cameras 247, 296, 298 machine IQ 58 social cost 271 mixed initiative or shared systems speed 235–6, 239, 245, 254, 257–9, 11, 21 260, 268 Mars Exploration Rovers 8, 53 tire pressure monitoring 248 over-ascription of 218 traffic cameras 244–5, 271, 293, Roomba 7, 9, 53, 55 299 self-taught programs 56–8 litigation 40 sexbots 187, 202, 203, 205, 210 negligence 62 silence, right to 327, 329 privacy by design 248 warehouse robots 8–9 robot language 78–9 see also driverless under automobiles control 84–5 human-machine system and bar codes 246 automation 95–101 Baraniuk, Richard 142 responsibility 88–9 bias 204 risk 85, 86 automation 264, 265, 266 safety and reasonableness 86–7 hindsight 77 speed 30, 90, 91–5, 100 law enforcement 252, 256, 264, 265, safety 266, 273, 287, 295, 296, 298, 303 design and 26–7, 40, 90, 94, 96 robot interrogators 329 Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin and Ian Kerr - 9781783476732 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/02/2021 06:45:24AM via free access Index 389 biological weapons 342 children 219, 221, 223–4 biometrics 245, 246, 249–50, 271, autism 175, 222 293–4 child abuse 225, 230 blueprint test 36 China 333 borders 327 Christianity 189 border avatars 312–13, 315–16, 322, cinema 5–6, 7, 18, 194, 195–6, 207–8, 326, 328, 329 216–17 searches 322 Citron, D.K. 265–6, 267, 269 self-incrimination 323 civil disobedience 271 brain scans closed robots 166, 167–8, 184 electroencephalography 314, 315, closed systems 81 327–8 cluster munitions 377 functional magnetic resonance codes of conduct/ethics 136–7, 146–7, imaging (fMRI) 314–15, 316, 148, 181, 183–4, 185 325–6, 327–8, 329 coding the law 274–305 Breathalyzer test 325 background 275–8 Breazeal, C. 220 experiment: coding traffic law 275, Brooks, R.A. 157 278 burden of proof 42 instructions 304–5 Bush doctrine 359 experiment analysis 291–302 butterfly effect 82 certification 296 competition 297–9 California 61, 225, 352–3 expertise 295–6 Calo, R. 114, 164, 165, 168–70, 173, lawmaking authority 295–6 176, 180, 184, 239, 250, 267, 333 models insufficient at times Calvin, S. 334 296–7 Canada 244 new paradigms in punishment constitutional law 299–300 freedom of expression 211 problem areas 291–5 robot interrogator: right to silence second- and third-order effects 317, 323–6 299 robot interrogator searches social cost 300–302 317–22 experiment results 279–91, 292 interrogation 309 clustering 283–5 polygraph 314 concerns about creations 290–291 neuroethics 138 context 286–7 obscenity 198, 199–201 inter-ticket time 285–6 sexual violence 206 notice of speed changes 282 capabilities of robots 4, 7–11, 22, number of tickets 289–90 173–4 scalability 287–9 Čapek, Karel 5 sensor and timing error 282–3 Carpenter, J. 213, 217–18 subtle coding distinctions 288–9 cars see automobiles tolerance 279–82 causation 73, 82, 100 COGNIRON project 136 products liability cognitive fallacies 75 sophisticated robotic automobiles hindsight bias 77 42 Collins, Francis 139 chaos theory 289 Collins, Harry 109–10, 112 charities 10 common law tradition 62 chemical weapons 342 complex systems 73–4, 75–6, 81–2 Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin and Ian Kerr - 9781783476732 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/02/2021 06:45:24AM via free access 390 Robot law Concealed Information or Guilty crimes with scienter requirements Knowledge Test 314–16, 318–19, 252, 293 322 necessity defense 268 confessions, coerced 324, 327 crowd-sourcing 143–4, 148, 160, 249, consent 294 data use 251 cruise missiles 7–8, 174, 336 interrogators 325, 326, 328 culinary consultant 105, 106 sexbots see separate entry cultural differences 146, 162 ubicomp (ubiquitous computing) custom, industry 30 349 customary international law 350, 368, constitutional law 12, 294, 329 372–3, 379, 386 Canada cyberlaw and robolaw 3–4, 12–15, 22 freedom of expression 211 cyborgs xii robot interrogator: right to silence 317, 323–6 da Vinci surgical robots 40–41 robot interrogator searches damages 317–22 statutory 170 First Amendment and freedom of Danielson, P. 143 speech 211, 268 Darling, K. 20 Fourth Amendment 252, 264, 268 data protection 348–9, 360 robot interrogator searches data-mining engines 108 317–19, 320–322 databases 75, 82, 221, 294 trespass/privacy 13–15, 17, 81, data aggregation 251 245 draft ethical robot license 180 Fifth Amendment: right to silence E-Z Pass 244 317, 323–6 identity information 245 Sixth Amendment: right to trial 264 motor vehicle records 246, 250, 294 consumer expectations test 35, 67, 70, open roboethics initiative (ORi) 147 71, 87 speed limits 245 consumer protection 12 death agency capture 49 wrongful 19 contract law 12, 61, 65 Defense Science Board (DSB) 95–6 liability and product safety 28, 32, defenses 28, 73, 168, 170 33 definitions doctrinal uncertainty 28, 29–31 artificial intelligence 12 merchantability warranty 32 automated law enforcement 239 open licensing 170 autonomous vehicle 12 control 83–5, 88–9 autonomy 55–6, 215 cookies 246 pornography 197, 198 Coordination Action for Robotics in robot xi–xii, 4, 5–7, 22, 151 Europe (CARE) 134 industrial 39 copyleft licenses 179 social 215, 228 copyright 294 surveillance 241 corporate risk management 86 dementia 222 corruption 269 Denmark 138, 244 cost–benefit test 33, 35, 36, 37, 42, 47, design 358 87 automated law enforcement 290, proposal for change 46 298 criminal justice system 264, 327 errors in design 241, 260–263 criminal law 61, 88, 203–4, 252 privacy by design 248 Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin and Ian Kerr - 9781783476732 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/02/2021 06:45:24AM via free access Index 391 building code laws and building 277 eldercare 10, 41, 135–6, 175, 189, 219, closed and open robots 167 221 domestic robots 136 electroencephalography 314, 315, inequality: politics in 190–193 327–8 knowledge-sharing and informing electronic commerce 347, 348, 360 142–4, 145 elevator-riding robot moderating shared content open roboethics initiative (ORi) 150–151 131–62 privacy by 248 ELLEgirlBuddy 177–8 safety and 26–7, 40, 90–91, 94, 96 embodied machine intelligence and sharing and ethics implementation tort theory 51–77 140–141, 144–8, 161–2 autonomy and robots 53–6 elevator-riding robot 151–61 disembodied software 58–9 social robots 190 emergent behavior