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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 77-2338 ANTKIEWTCZ, Henry John, 1942- LEON WASILEWSKI: POLISH PATRIOT AND SOCIALIST. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 History, Europe Xerox University Microfilms , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © Copyright "by Henry John Antkiewicz 1976 PLEASE NOTE: The following dissertation contains broken and indistinct print. Filmed in the best way possible. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS LEON WASILEWSKI* POLISH PATRIOT AND SOCIALIST DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Henry John Antkiewicz, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee* Approved t>y Charles Morley Michael W. Curran Carole R. Rogel Adviser Department of History VITA January 1, 19^2 . Born - Hamtramck, Michigan 1959-1963 ............... Regents Scholarship, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1963..................... B.A., University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1963-1965 ............... Peace Corps« Upper Primary Teacher, Tanzania, Africa 1967 • • M.A., University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1967-1968 ............... National Teaching Fellow, Findlay College, Findlay, Ohio 1968-1969 ............... Instructor, Findlay College, Findlay, Ohio 1969-1970 ............... Kosciuszko Foundation Grant, University of Warsaw, Poland 1970-1972 ............... Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972-1973 ............... National Defense Foreign Language Dissertation Grant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 19 7 3 -I975 ............... Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1975 ................... Researcher and Photographer, Labor Education Research Service. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1976 Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History of Eastern Europe. Professor Charles Morley History of Russia and the Soviet Union. Professor Michael W. Curran History of M o d e m China. Professor Chang Hao History of Nineteenth Century Europe. Professor Carole R. Rogel TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VITA.................................................. ii INTRODUCTION......................................... 1 Chapter I. YOUTH....................... ............... 11 A. The Szlachta Tradition............... 11 B. Ambience and World View.............. 15 C. The Ukraine............... 18 D. Education. ...... 27 E. Career................................ 30 II. NATIONALISM AND SOCIALISM.................. 32 A. Nationalism............... 32 B. Socialism .......... kj C . The Russian Bogey. .......... 52 D. Austrian Social Democracy........... 58 E. German Social Democracy...... 63 F. Polish Social Democracy.. ......72 III. RUSSIA AND RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY........ 83 A. External Problems.................... 83 B. Internal Problems .............. 93 C. The Russian Revolutionary Tradition.. 101 IV. POLISH SOCIALISM............................ Ill A. Party Organization................... Ill B. Jews. ..................... 117 C. Galician Ukrainians.................. 130 D. Federalism....................... 135 Page Chapter V. THE REVOLUTION OF 1905...................... 1^-7 A. PPS Schisms........................... 147 B. Russian Constitutionalism. ....... 153 C. Russian Socialism and its Polish Supporters............ 161 D. Polish Aspirations ............ 167 E. True Revolutionaries ......... 180 VI. ETHNICITY AND NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE........ 185 A. Ethnic Problems .............. 185 B. Wasilewski's Coals................... 191 C. Peoples in Question ........... 196 D. The Ukraine........................ 201 E. Che ton. ...................... 209 F . Lithuania............ 216 G. Assimilation and Scientific Socialism.............. 223 VII. FAILURE OF FEDERATION....................... 230 A. The Polish Republic.................. 230 B. Soviet Russia........................ 232 C . Paris.................. 236 D. The Lithuanian Reef.................. 24-2 E. War.................. 249 CONCLUSION........................................... 255 ADDENDUM............................................. 266 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................... 267 v INTRODUCTION If any one nation shows throughout many centuries a will to express itself as an entity in the form of a state, then all attempts to arrest in one way or another thif= r ^sential process on the one hand hinder the formation of class forces, and on the other bring an element of chaos into the general historical development of the world. Mykola Khvyl'ovyi The restoration of the Polish Republic and the emergence of Soviet Russia produced a violent and bloody war between these two new states at the conclusion of World War I. The Russo-Polish War of 1920 was a direct result of the animosity built up between the Polish Socialist Party and the Bolshevik Party, both of which achieved victories in the struggles for power in their respective countries. This dramatic and con­ tradictory struggle between the forces of national liber­ ation on the one hand and the dictatorship of the prole­ tariat on the other has not yet produced its Tolstoi to im­ mortalize it in fiction. Historians have only now begun to ignore the cliches that became current as a result of the 1 obfuscatory propaganda of "both sides in the period of time 1 which led up to this bloodletting. National propaganda is the easiest type of propaganda for Westerners to understand, because it is almost entirely based on national conflicts caused by disparate and contra­ dictory ambitions of nations, a situation identical with that traversed by the emergent nation-states in modem Western history. According to this view, the Russo-Polish con­ flict resulted from the conflicting aspirations of two 2 emerging nation-states coveting the same territories. The Bolshevik interpretation claims that the Russo- Polish conflict was a contest between Polish nationalism and Russian internationalism. Russians fought on behalf of all workers regardless of nationality, while Poles fought 3 on behalf of all Poles regardless of class. 4 Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star (London, 1972) is the most recent and objective treatment of the Russo- Polish War itself from the Polish view. 2 The foremost exponent of this point of view is Hans Kohn in his books entitled The Idea of Nationalism (New York, 1956) and The Age of Nationalism (New Y o r k , I 9 6 2 ). •^The role of Polish communists here is an obvious exception. The statements of Lenin, Stalin, or any other Bolshevik on this topic are too numerous to cite. See A. Samsonov, ed., A Short History of the USSR (Moscow, 1965). Vol. II, p. 88ff. Istoriia SSSR (Moscow, 196?). Vol. VII, p. 5o8ff and W. P. and Zelda K. Coates, Armed Intervention in Russia, 1918-1922 (London, 1935). P* 295ff. The most important document is "Tezisy TsK RKP(b); 'Pol*ski front i nashi zadachi"' ("Theses, CC RCP(b); 'The Polish The propaganda of the PPS (Polska Partia Soc.jalistyczna, Polish Socialist Party) is the least understood of all the political tendencies in the development of Russo-Polish antagonism. Branded nationalists "by the Bolsheviks and viewed as dangerously similar to the Bolsheviks themselves "by the nationalists, these Polish socialists combined the social aspirations of the one with the patriotic aspirations of the other. Leon Wasilewski was one of the chief spokes­ men of these aspirations. His facility with the pen, his knowledge of languages, his research into the ethnic