TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..............................xi LindaB.Buck........................48 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2004 AlfredNobel.........................xiii William C. Campbell ...................53 The Nobel Prizes and Nobel Institutions ....xix Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2015 Mario R. Capecchi .....................55 AlexeiA.Abrikosov....................1 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2003 JimmyCarter.........................57 PeterAgre............................4 Nobel Peace Prize, 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2003 MartinChalfie........................61 MarttiAhtisaari........................7 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2008 Nobel Peace Prize, 2008 YvesChauvin.........................62 IsamuAkasaki.........................9 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2014 Aaron Ciechanover.....................64 SvetlanaAlexievich....................11 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2004 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2015 JohnMichaelCoetzee..................68 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2003 James P. Allison .......................13 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2018 RaymondDavisJr......................71 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2002 HiroshiAmano........................15 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2014 Angus Deaton.........................74 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2015 FrancesArnold........................17 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2018 PeterDiamond........................76 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2010 ArthurAshkin........................19 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2018 Jacques Dubochet......................81 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2017 RobertJ.Aumann......................21 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2005 BobDylan...........................83 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2016 RichardAxel.........................25 ShirinEbadi..........................87 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2004 Nobel Peace Prize, 2003 BarryC.Barish........................27 RobertG.Edwards.....................91 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2010 FrançoiseBarré-Sinoussi................29 MohamedElBaradei....................92 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2008 Nobel Peace Prize, 2005 EricBetzig...........................32 RobertF.Engle........................94 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2014 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2003 BruceA.Beutler.......................34 FrançoisEnglert.......................98 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2013 Elizabeth Blackburn ....................36 GerhardErtl.........................100 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2007 Willard S. Boyle.......................39 EuropeanUnion......................101 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, 2012 SydneyBrenner.......................42 MartinJ.Evans.......................104 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2007 v TABLE OF CONTENTS EugeneF.Fama......................107 Theodor W. Hänsch ...................166 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2005 JohnB.Fenn........................109 LarsPeterHansen.....................169 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2002 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2013 BenFeringa.........................111 SergeHaroche.......................171 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2012 AlbertFert..........................113 OliverHart..........................174 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2007 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2016 AndrewZ.Fire.......................114 RichardF.Heck......................175 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2010 JoachimFrank.......................117 StefanW.Hell.......................177 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2014 LeymahGbowee.....................121 RichardHenderson....................179 Nobel Peace Prize, 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2017 AndreGeim.........................125 AvramHershko......................181 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2004 Riccardo Giacconi ....................127 PeterHiggs..........................184 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2002 JulesA.Hoffmann....................190 VitalyL.Ginzburg....................131 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2003 BengtHolmström.....................193 RoyJ.Glauber.......................134 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2005 TasukuHonjo........................194 AlGore............................137 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2018 Nobel Peace Prize, 2007 H.RobertHorvitz.....................197 CliveW.J.Granger...................139 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2002 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2003 LeonidHurwicz......................199 GrameenBank.......................143 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 201 CarolW.Greider.....................145 Nobel Peace Prize, 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2009 InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency......203 DavidGross.........................147 Nobel Peace Prize, 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2004 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Robert H. Grubbs .....................149 Weapons (ICAN) ...................205 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2005 Nobel Peace Prize, 2017 Peter Grünberg .......................152 KazuoIshiguro.......................207 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2017 JohnGurdon.........................154 ElfriedeJelinek.......................211 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2004 F.DuncanM.Haldane.................159 DanielKahneman.....................215 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2016 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2002 JeffreyC.Hall.......................161 TakaakiKajita.......................218 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2015 JohnL.Hall.........................163 CharlesKuenKao....................220 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2009 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Tawakkol Karman ....................222 EricMaskin.........................288 Nobel Peace Prize, 2011 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2007 MartinKarplus.......................226 JohnC.Mather.......................289 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2006 ImreKertész.........................229 ArthurB.McDonald..................291 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2015 MakotoKobayashi....................232 CraigC.Mello.......................293 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2006 BrianKobilka........................233 PatrickModiano......................296 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2014 RogerD.Kornberg....................237 PaulL.Modrich......................297 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2015 MasatoshiKoshiba....................239 William E. Moerner ...................299 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2014 J. Michael Kosterlitz...................242 LucMontagnier......................302 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2009 PaulKrugman.......................244 DaleT.Mortensen....................305 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2008 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2010 FinnE.Kydland......................246 EdvardMoser........................306 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2014 PaulC.Lauterbur.....................251 May-BrittMoser......................308 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2014 Jean-MarieGustaveLeClézio...........254 GérardMourou.......................310 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2018 RobertJ.Lefkowitz...................256 DenisMukwege......................312 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2012 Nobel Peace Prize, 2018 Anthony J. Leggett ....................259 HertaMüller.........................315 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2009 DorisLessing........................261 AliceMunro.........................317 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2013 MichaelLevitt.......................265 NadiaMurad........................320 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2013 Nobel Peace Prize, 2018 TomasLindahl.......................267 RogerB.Myerson....................322 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2015 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2007 WangariMaathai.....................269 ShujiNakamura......................325 Nobel Peace Prize, 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2014 Roderick MacKinnon ..................272 YoichiroNambu......................328 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2008 PeterMansfield......................276 National Dialogue Quartet ..............329 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2003 Nobel Peace Prize, 2015 BarryJ.Marshall.....................280 Ei-ichiNegishi.......................332 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2010 ToshihideMaskawa...................286 William Nordhaus ....................333 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2008 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2018 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Konstantin Novoselov .................335 JuanManuelSantos...................393