NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORT HURRICANE IRMA (AL112017) 30 August–12 September 2017 John P. Cangialosi, Andrew S. Latto, and Robbie Berg National Hurricane Center 1 24 September 2021 VIIRS SATELLITE IMAGE OF HURRICANE IRMA WHEN IT WAS AT ITS PEAK INTENSITY AND MADE LANDFALL ON BARBUDA AT 0535 UTC 6 SEPTEMBER. Irma was a long-lived Cape Verde hurricane that reached category 5 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. The catastrophic hurricane made seven landfalls, four of which occurred as a category 5 hurricane across the northern Caribbean Islands. Irma made landfall as a category 4 hurricane in the Florida Keys and struck southwestern Florida at category 3 intensity. Irma caused widespread devastation across the affected areas and was one of the strongest and costliest hurricanes on record in the Atlantic basin. 1 Original report date 9 March 2018. Second version on 30 May 2018 updated casualty statistics for Florida, meteorological statistics for the Florida Keys, and corrected a typo. Third version on 30 June 2018 corrected the year of the last category 5 hurricane landfall in Cuba and corrected a typo in the Casualty and Damage Statistics section. This version corrects the maximum wind gust reported at St. Croix Airport (TISX). Hurricane Irma 2 Hurricane Irma 30 AUGUST–12 SEPTEMBER 2017 SYNOPTIC HISTORY Irma originated from a tropical wave that departed the west coast of Africa on 27 August. The wave was then producing a widespread area of deep convection, which became more concentrated near the northern portion of the wave axis on 28 and 29 August. By 0000 UTC 30 August, satellite images indicated that a well-defined surface circulation had developed and since deep convection was already sufficiently organized, it is estimated that the system became a tropical depression at this time when it was centered about 120 n mi west-southwest of São Vicente in the Cabo Verde Islands. Banding features increased after genesis, and the depression became a tropical storm 6 h later. The “best track” chart of Irma’s path is given in Fig. 1, with the wind and pressure histories shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The best track positions and intensities are listed in Table 12. While moving westward to the south of a mid-level ridge over the eastern Atlantic, Irma strengthened rapidly in environmental conditions of low vertical wind shear and a fairly moist lower troposphere while it was over marginally warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Irma developed a ragged eye around the time it became a hurricane near 0600 UTC 31 August, which was only 30 h after it became a tropical depression. Irma reached hurricane strength when it was still located over the eastern Atlantic about 400 n mi west of the Cabo Verde Islands. Later on 31 August, Irma turned west-northwestward as the ridge to the north of the cyclone weakened a little. Meanwhile, Irma continued to rapidly strengthen, and it reached major hurricane status (>= 100 kt) by 0000 UTC 1 September, only two days after genesis. This 70-kt increase in intensity over a 48-h period is a remarkable rate that is only achieved by a small fraction of Atlantic tropical cyclones (about 1 in 30). Although Irma was a very intense hurricane at this time, the inner core was quite compact with hurricane-force winds estimated to extend no more than 15 n mi from the center (Fig 4). After becoming a category 3 hurricane, Irma’s intensification paused with the eye occasionally becoming cloud filled and deep convection in the eyewall appearing less intense. Irma fluctuated between category 2 and 3 strength from 0000 1 September to 0000 UTC 4 September. The main causes for the intensity fluctuations were likely eyewall replacement cycles and intrusions of dry air. Meanwhile, the hurricane turned west-southwestward in response to a strong high pressure system to its north (Fig 5a), and lost 2.5° of latitude between 2 and 4 September. This south of west motion was very significant because it brought the cyclone over higher SSTs and in a position poised to affect the northern Leeward Islands. 2 A digital record of the complete best track, including wind radii, can be found on line at ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf. Data for the current year’s storms are located in the btk directory, while previous years’ data are located in the archive directory. Hurricane Irma 3 By early on 4 September, Irma’s eye was growing in size and becoming better defined, and deep convection around the eye was gaining symmetry. Irma was on a strengthening trend once again, likely due to the completion of an eyewall replacement cycle, and it was headed toward the northern Leeward Islands. Irma turned west-northwestward, due to the erosion of the western side of the mid-level ridge (Fig 5b), and went through another round of rapid intensification. The hurricane reached its maximum intensity of 155 kt around 1800 UTC 5 September, when it was located about 70 n mi east-southeast of Barbuda. As a category 5 hurricane, Irma made landfall on Barbuda around 0545 UTC 6 September with maximum winds of 155 kt and a minimum pressure of 914 mb (Fig. 6a). After crossing Barbuda, Irma continued to exhibit an impressive satellite appearance and made its second landfall on St. Martin at 1115 UTC that day, with the same wind speed and pressure as for its Barbuda landfall. Still moving west-northwestward to the south of a mid-level ridge, Irma made its third landfall on the island of Virgin Gorda in the British Virgin Islands at 1630 UTC 6 September still as a 155-kt category 5 hurricane. Later that day, as Irma moved away from the Virgin Islands, reconnaissance data from the Air Force indicated that the major hurricane had weakened slightly and had a double wind maximum, indicative of concentric eyewalls. The double eyewall structure was also evident in Doppler radar data from San Juan, Puerto Rico (Fig. 7). Even though Irma was no longer at its peak intensity, it remained a category 5 hurricane with a larger wind field than it had previously (Fig. 4). The eye of Irma tracked about 50 n mi to the north of the northern shore of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic from 1800 UTC 6 September to 1800 UTC 7 September, with the strongest winds to the north of the center. The eye of Irma passed just south of the Turks and Caicos Islands around 0000 UTC 8 September, and it made landfall on Little Inagua Island in the Bahamas at 0500 UTC that day at category 4 intensity, with estimated maximum winds of 135 kt and a minimum pressure of 924 mb. This slight weakening ended Irma’s 60-h period of sustained category 5 intensity, which is the second longest such period on record (behind the 1932 Cuba Hurricane of Santa Cruz del Sur). Irma then turned slightly to the left, due to a building subtropical ridge, and moved toward the northern coast of Cuba (Fig. 5c). Reconnaissance and microwave data indicate that the inner core had become better organized, and it is estimated that Irma strengthened to a category 5 hurricane again around 1800 UTC 8 September, only 18 h after weakening below that threshold. Irma then intensified a little more and made its fifth landfall near Cayo Romano, Cuba, at 0300 UTC 9 September, with estimated maximum winds of 145 kt (Fig. 6b). This marked the first category 5 hurricane landfall in Cuba since Huracan sin Precedentes in 1924. Irma tracked along the Cuban Keys throughout that day, and its interaction with land caused it to weaken significantly, first to a category 4 storm a few hours after landfall in the Cuban Keys and then down to a category 2 hurricane by 1800 UTC that day when the eye was very near Isabela de Sagua. Shortly after that time, the forward speed of Irma slowed, and it began to make a turn to the northwest, which caused the core of the hurricane to move over the Florida Straits early on 10 September. When Irma moved over the warm waters of the Florida Straits, the hurricane reintensified once again. Data from the Air Force Hurricane Hunters indicate that Irma became a category 4 hurricane by 0600 UTC 10 September when it was centered about 55 n mi south-southeast of Key West, Florida. Meanwhile, Irma had turned to the north-northwest in the flow between a subtropical ridge over the western Atlantic and a mid- to upper-level low pressure system over the Gulf of Mexico (Fig 5d). The category 4 storm made yet another landfall near Cudjoe Key in Hurricane Irma 4 the lower Florida Keys around 1300 UTC that day with maximum winds of 115 kt and a minimum pressure of 931 mb (Fig 6c). The convective pattern of the hurricane then became more ragged, likely due to increasing southwesterly vertical wind shear, and in response, Irma weakened to a category 3 hurricane around 1800 UTC 10 September. Irma made its final landfall near Marco Island, Florida, at 1930 UTC 10 September (Fig. 6d), with estimated maximum winds of 100 kt and minimum pressure of 936 mb. Once inland over southwestern Florida, Irma weakened quickly, due to the influences of land and strong wind shear, while moving north-northwestward on the east side of a large cyclonic gyre that was centered over the Gulf of Mexico. Irma’s center tracked just east of Naples and Ft. Myers by 0000 UTC 11 September as a category 2 hurricane and passed between Tampa and Orlando by 0600 UTC that day as a category 1 storm.