TALKING WITH NATIONALISTS AND PATRIOTS: AN EXAMINATION OF ETHNIC AND CIVIC APPROACHES TO NATIONALISM AND THEIR OUTCOMES IN QUEBEC AND FLANDERS A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Glen M.E. Duerr August 2012 Dissertation written by Glen M.E. Duerr B.A., University of Western Ontario, 2003 M.A., University of Windsor, 2005 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2012 Approved by Andrew Barnes, Ph.D., Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Landon E. Hancock, Ph.D., Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Steven W. Hook, Ph.D., Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee David H. Kaplan, Ph.D., Outside Reader, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Kieran Dunne, PhD., Defense Chair Accepted by Steven W. Hook, Ph.D., Chair, Department of Political Science John R.D. Stalvey, Ph.D., Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Argument in Brief ............................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Structure of the Dissertation ..................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................... 13 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.2 A Brief Overview of the Field of Nationalism ......................................................................... 14 2.3 Did Nations Create Nationalism or Did Nationalism Create Nations? .................................... 15 2.4 Ethnic Nationalism ................................................................................................................... 19 2.5 Ethnic versus Civic Nationalism? ............................................................................................ 20 2.5.1 Civic Nationalism .................................................................................................................. 20 2.5.2 Critiques of Civic Nationalism .............................................................................................. 22 2.6 Secession .................................................................................................................................. 24 2.7 Quebec’s Secessionist Movement ............................................................................................ 26 2.8 Flanders’ Secessionist Movement ............................................................................................ 28 2.9 The Comparative Politics of Secession .................................................................................... 29 2.10 Important Works in my Argument ......................................................................................... 32 2.11 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 36 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................... 38 iii Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 38 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 38 3.1.1 Introduction to Methods of Data Collection .......................................................................... 38 3.1.2 Case Selection ....................................................................................................................... 38 3.1.3 Methods of Data Collection .................................................................................................. 41 3.2 Types of Data ........................................................................................................................... 43 3.2.1 Interviews .............................................................................................................................. 43 3.2.2 Surveys .................................................................................................................................. 52 3.2.3 Archival Research ................................................................................................................. 54 3.3 Observation .............................................................................................................................. 55 3.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 59 CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................... 61 Parti/Bloc Quebecois in Quebec ..................................................................................................... 61 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 64 4.1.1 An Introduction to the Parti Quebecois and the Bloc Quebecois .......................................... 64 4.1.2 An Introduction to Quebec in Canada ................................................................................... 66 4.2 History: Je me souviens (I remember)...................................................................................... 68 4.3 Parti Quebecois and Bloc Quebecois: Becoming more civic? ................................................. 73 4.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 73 4.3.2 Why Attempt a Transition to Civic Nationalism? ................................................................. 76 4.4 Policy Areas: Whether the PQ has transitioned to Civic Nationalism? ................................... 81 4.4.1 Language ............................................................................................................................... 82 4.4.2 Culture ................................................................................................................................... 90 4.4.3 Immigration ........................................................................................................................... 95 4.4.4 Political Autonomy.............................................................................................................. 104 4.4.5 Economics ........................................................................................................................... 109 4.5 Ethnic or Civic? ...................................................................................................................... 114 CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................. 120 Vlaams Belang in Flanders........................................................................................................... 120 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 121 5.2 History .................................................................................................................................... 123 5.2.1 When will the Flemish Lion Roar? ..................................................................................... 123 5.2.2 State Reforms and BHV ...................................................................................................... 124 iv 5.2.3 Institutional Setting ............................................................................................................. 127 5.2.4 Volksunie (People’s Union) ................................................................................................ 129 5.3 Vlaams Belang: Omdat wij de Vlamingen verdedigen .......................................................... 130 5.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 130 5.3.2 Ethnic Nationalism .............................................................................................................. 131 5.3.3 Why Ethnic Nationalism Remains? 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