The Evolving Role of Archaeology in Cultural Resource Management on National Historic Sites in Ontario By Melissa E. Novak, Hons. B.A. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Canadian Studies. Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario February, 2007 © Melissa E. Novak, 2007. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 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The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be includedBien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i * i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract This thesis argues that archaeology is a valuable tool for cultural resource management on national historic sites across Canada. It examines the historical development of the archaeology and cultural resource management and within a Canadian and North American context. The development of the Parks Canada Agency, its Cultural Resource Management Policy and the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada are explored to illuminate the development of the National Historic Site system and to evaluate the contribution each organization has made to the establishment and protection of national historic sites across the country. By applying the Parks CanadaCultural Resource Management Policy to examples of the ways archaeology has been used at Fort Wellington National Historic Site and Fort Henry National Historic Site, the contribution of archaeology in the management of national historic sites will be demonstrated. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements I would like to thank many people for the guidance and support they offered not only as I pursued my Master of Arts degree, but also during prior pursuits of education and experiences. Above all I would like to thank the professors within the Carleton University School of Canadian Studies. Specifically, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Herb Stovel, who has exposed me to many new ideas and ways of seeing the world. He has always encouraged my strong desires to prove the relevance of archaeology to new audiences. Several archaeologists have also enlightened my perspectives and have shown me the practical ways that archaeology is being used throughout the province and across the world; I must thank Dr. John Triggs, Joseph Last and Henry Cary for sharing their wisdom with me. My parents, Mary Jane and Randy Novak have always supported my inner passions and expected me to not only to succeed, but to work my very hardest. They, along with my sister, Monica, have proof-read countless essays and shown tremendous patience with me. Elizabeth and Adam Fulton have also provided great encouragement and, in some ways acted as a catalyst for my studies at Carleton. Finally, but no less significantly, I would like to thank Alain who has been a great source of strength to me during the completion of this thesis and who has spent many hours encouraging, editing and brainstorming with me. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table o f Contents iv List of Illustrations (Figures) vi Glossary of Terms viii Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 Chapter One 9 Archaeology in Ontario: 1945 - 1985 10 Parks Canada and the National Historic Site System 20 Chapter Two 30 The Foundations of Cultural Resource Management 31 Cultural Resource Management and Parks Canada 39 Chapter Three 44 Charters, Standards and Guidelines: Policy Comparison from Around the World 45 The Parks Canada Cultural Resource Management Policy 52 Fort Henry Historical Overview 58 Fort Wellington Historical Overview 61 The Use of Archaeology on National Historic Sites: Two Case Studies from Ontario 65 The Principles Exemplified: Understanding and Public Benefit: Discovering New Information for Site Interpretations and a Better Comprehension of the Social Use of a Site 69 The Principles Exemplified: Understanding and Integrity: Illuminating of Methods of Historic Construction and Allowing for the Location of Previously Unrecorded Resources Furthering Appropriate Physical Interpretation of a Site 74 The Principles Exemplified: Respect and Value: Enabling Appropriate Maintenance and Restoration 80 Conclusion 89 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Conclusion 90 Figures 93 Appendix I: Canada’s National Parks 114 Appendix II: Expanded History: Fort Henry Redoubt and Advanced Battery 116 Appendix III: Charters Pertaining to Cultural Resource and Archaeological Management 120 International: ICOMOS Charter for the Protection and Management o f the Archaeological Heritage { 1990) 120 Australia: The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS charter for the conservation o f places o f cultural significance ( 1999) (excerpts) 126 New Zealand: Charter for the Conservation o f Places of Cultural Heritage Value (1992) 128 United States of America: Charter for Historic Towns: A Preservation Charter for the Historic Towns and Areas o f the United States o f America (1992) 134 Canada: The Appleton Charter for the Protection and Enhancement o f the Built Environment (1983) 139 References 144 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Illustrations (Figures) Figure 1: Fort Henry Plan circa. 1837 with labelled fortification features. xi Figure 2: Evolution of the First Fort Henry 1812 to 1832. 100 Figure 3: Fort Henry after the addition of the Advanced Battery and Commissariat Ranges circa. 1837. 101 Figure 4: Plan of the Advanced Battery (Upper Fort) at Fort Henry. 102 Aerial Photograph of the Advanced Battery at Fort Henry, 2003. 102 Figure 5: The Redoubt Casemates at Fort Henry during Ronald Way’s 1930s reconstruction. 103 Figure 6: Mackenzie King at the opening of Fort Henry as a historic site museum August 1, 1938. 104 Figure 7: Plan of original Fort Wellington circa. 1823. 105 Figure 8: Plan of Fort Wellington after the 1838 reconstruction (circa. 1854). 106 Plan of Fort Wellington National Historic Site circa. 2001. 106 Figure 9: Marbles on display in the communal eating area of the second floor barracks room in the blockhouse of Fort Wellington. 107 Figure 10: Glass tumbler and stemmed drinking glass recovered during the latrine excavation at Fort Wellington. 108 Close up of Table Setting in the Officers’ Dining Room display at Fort Wellington 108 The Officers’ Dining Room display at Fort Wellington. 109 Figure 11: A portion of 1813 Blockhouse in relation to 1838 Blockhouse (Fort Wellington) as determined in E.A. Wylie’s 1966 archaeological investigation of the interior of the Blockhouse. 110 Figure 12: The blockhouse, Fort Wellington, circa. 1921. I l l vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The blockhouse, Fort Wellington, in 2006. 111 Figure 13: Historic shingle as discovered during a 2003 archaeological Excavation at Fort Henry. 112 Figure 14: The Fort Henry Commissariat Range Roof prior to restoration {circa. December 2003). 113 The Fort Henry Commissariat Range Roof after restoration (September, 2006). 113 Figure 15: The Entrance Ramp at Fort Henry. 114 Figure 16: Bowing and frost damage in the East Ramp Wall, Fort Henry prior to the 2002 stabilization. 115 Figure 17: Standing water at Fort Henry. 116 Figure 18: Historic Plan of the Officers’Quarters at Fort Henry, 1825. 117 Figure 19: Archaeological profile of Officers Quarters Foundation, Fort Henry.