QUINOA Botany, Production and Uses Dedicated to the loving memory of my parents, who departed for the heavenly abode on 16 January 2001 Atul Bhargava QUINOA Botany, Production and Uses Atul Bhargava and Shilpi Srivastava CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © A. Bhargava and S. Srivastava 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bhargava, Atul, 1975- Quinoa : botany, production and uses / Atul Bhargava, Shilpi Srivastava. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-78064-226-0 (alk. paper) 1. Quinoa. I. Srivastava, Shilpi. II. Title. SB177.Q55B43 2013 664′.7--dc23 2013009503 ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 226 0 Commissioning editor: Sreepat Jain Editorial assistant: Alexandra Lainsbury Production editor: Simon Hill Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY. Contents Contributors vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xiii PART I – INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 1. Introduction 1 2. Historical Perspectives and Domestication 16 Didier Bazile, Francisco Fuentes and Ángel Mujica 3. Distribution 36 PART II – PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS 4. Taxonomy 48 5. Cytology and Genome Size 61 PART III – BOTANY AND AGROTECHNOLOGY 6. Botany 77 7. Crop Production and Management 90 8. Stress Tolerance 103 9. Diseases and Pests 128 10. Breeding 147 11. Molecular Studies 168 Francisco Fuentes and Andrés Zurita-Silva v vi Contents PART IV – QUALITATIVE ASPECTS, ECONOMICS AND MARKETING 12. Chemistry 185 13. Saponins 214 14. Transparency from Production to Consumption: New Challenges for the Quinoa Market Chain 234 Enrique A. Martínez and Pablo Olguín Index 241 Contributors Didier Bazile, UPR47, GREEN, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), TA C-47/F, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 – France. didier. [email protected] Atul Bhargava, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow Campus), Mango Orchard Campus, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow-227105, India. [email protected] Francisco Fuentes, Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat. Avenida Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique, Chile. [email protected] Enrique A. Martínez, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile. [email protected] Ángel Mujica, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Escuela de Postgrado, Avenida del Ejército 329, Puno, Peru. [email protected] Pablo Olguín, Instituto de Geografía, Laboratorio de Biodiversidad, Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile. [email protected] Shilpi Srivastava, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow Campus), Mango Orchard Campus, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow-227105, India. [email protected] Andrés Zurita-Silva, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA). Av. Raúl Bitrán s/n. Casilla 554, La Serena, Chile. vii This page intentionally left blank Preface The term ‘green revolution’ was coined in the 1960s after improved varieties of wheat dramatically increased yields in test plots in northwest Mexico. The green revolution, attributed to Norman Borlaug, an American scientist, ush- ered in an era of agricultural surpluses in many areas of the world. The subsist- ence agriculture practised in many regions was replaced by intensive agriculture, which required farm mechanization and increased inputs in the form of labour, high-yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Many countries that had imported food grains before the green revolution became exporters of these commodities. The green revolution forever changed the way agriculture was conducted worldwide, benefiting the people of many countries in need of increased food production. However, the failure of the green revolution in several areas and the nega- tive impacts associated with it have forced mankind to look for alternatives. The accelerated inputs have resulted in intolerable pressure on fragile agroeco- systems. The situation is compounded by a shrinking portfolio of species and an emphasis on a handful of major crops that have narrowed the number of species on which global food security depends. The consequences of crop fail- ures from unforeseen stresses, pests and diseases are potentially catastrophic. Therefore, there is an urgent need to broaden the species portfolio for agricul- ture and food security. The need of today is a gradual shift from input-intensive to environmentally sound sustainable agriculture. This requires a shift in focus towards increasing production by using agriculturally marginal lands. Underutilized crops can be the answer to this burning problem. Underutilized crops are those that were formerly widely grown and con- sumed but that have fallen, or are falling, into disuse. Many underutilized spe- cies are extremely important for food production in various parts of the world. They are well adapted to marginal lands, have a role in traditional medicine and constitute an important part of the local diet, providing valuable nutritional elements often lacking in staple crops. Underutilized crops also represent an ix x Preface important source of revenue for local economies and are part of the rich cul- tural and traditional heritage of communities around the world. These crops are also important sources of resistance genes for biotic and abiotic stress breeding that can also be used for the genetic improvement of commonly used crops. Quinoa is one such underutilized crop that has recently gained attention for its ability to cope with different environmental stresses and its potential for helping to solve the widespread problem of malnourishment. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), an important crop of the Andean region of South America, is being grown in a wide range of environments in South America, North America, Europe and Asia. Quinoa is an important food source for human consumption, is well adapted to extreme environmental conditions and has potential industrial applications. The plant is nutritionally important because its seeds have a high protein content and an abundance of essential amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals and natural antioxidants. This crop has recently attracted worldwide attention due to its ability to produce high- protein grains under ecologically extreme conditions, making it an important crop for the diversification of future agricultural systems in different parts of the world. The increasing demand for quinoa and insufficient supply from quinoa- producing countries of South America necessitated the introduction of the crop to newer areas. Experiments in Europe, Asia and Africa have confirmed that the crop can be successfully cultivated there. At present, quinoa is grown commer- cially throughout the western regions of South America, including Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru for domestic markets and emerging export markets in Japan, Australia, Europe and North America. With the emerging quinoa market, the consumer trend towards quinoa is expected to keep increasing, with interna- tional support from both political and industry organizations in Europe and Asia. Quinoa has the potential to shed its underutilized status and become an impor- tant industrial and food crop of the 21st century. Quinoa has been selected by the FAO as one of the crops destined to offer food security in the 21st century. This book is the first comprehensive work on quinoa aimed at researchers throughout the world who are working on this crop. The purpose of the book is to provide an introduction to the concept and applications of quinoa. The book is divided into four sections spread over 14 chapters. Part I introduces the readers to the crop, its history and distribution. Part II discusses the taxonomical position, based on morphological, cytological and molecular data. Part III is dedicated to agrotechnology and includes chapters on botany, crop production and management, pathology and breeding approaches. Part IV sheds light on the nutritional significance of the crop, and also contains detailed discussion of the antinutritional components. The book has detailed chapters that have been written in an easy-to-read, succinct format and that incorporate information from in-depth study of classi- cal work as well as recent research. The book presents the novelty and com- plexity of the topics in a lucid, methodical way, taking care to keep the level of discussion simple and free from technical jargon. The chapters are straightfor- ward, and contain figures to provide clarity. The authors have tried to present complex and updated information in a manner that familiarizes the reader with the important concepts and tools of recent researches on the crop. Preface xi This detailed reference work traces the crop from its origin to the present day, and incorporates up-to-date information about this underutilized crop. The book will