For Official Use Only CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GROUND WATER BROCHURE CHITTOOR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH SOUTHERN REGION HYDERABAD September 2013 CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GROUND WATER BROCHURE CHITTOOR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH (AAP-2012-13) BY G.Y. SETTY SCIENTIST-C SOUTHERN REGION BHUJAL BHAWAN, GSI Post, Bandlaguda NH.IV, FARIDABAD -121001 Hyderabad-500068 HARYANA, INDIA Andhra Pradesh Tel: 0129-2418518 Tel: 040-24225201 Gram: Bhumijal Gram: Antarjal GROUND WATER BROCHURE CHITTOOR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH CONTENTS DISTRICT AT A GLANCE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 DRAINAGE AND SOIL 3.0 PHYSIOGRAPHY 4.0 GEOLOGY 5.0 RAINFALL 6.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO 7.0 WATER LEVELS 8.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCES 9.0 GROUND WATER QUALITY 10.0 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT 11.0 WATER CONSERVATION AND ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE 12.0 GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND SPECIAL STUDIES 13.0 DEVELOPMENT PLAN 14.0 RECOMMENDATIONS Figures 1. Administrative Divisions of the District 2. Mean Monthly Rainfall distribution 3. Cumulative departure of Annual Rainfall from LPA 4. Hydrogeology 5. Depth to water level map – Pre-monsoon May 2012 5a. Depth to water level map -Post-monsoon– November 2012 6. Ground water fluctuation (May-November, 2012) 7. Ground Water Resources 8. Mandal wise Categorization 9. Distribution of EC DISTRICT AT A GLANCE Details Location North Latitude 12° 37' and 14° 00' East Longitude 78° 03' and 79° 55' Geographical Area 15152 Sq.Km. Headquarters Chittoor No. of revenue mandals 66 No. of revenue villages 1540 Population (2011) Urban 1228887 1.GENERAL Rural 2941581 Total 41,70,468 Population density 275 per Sq.Km. Major rivers, Pincha, Bahuda Swanamukhi, Palar, Ponnai Soils Red Loamy 57% Red Sandy 34% Agroclimatic Zone Southern Zone Normal annual rainfall Total 934 mm Southwest monsoon 438 mm 47% Northeast monsoon 396 mm 42% 2. RAINFALL Cumulative departure from Normal rainfall for the last 5 -61% years Forest 4,52,018 Barren and uncultivated 1,52,918 3. LAND USE (2012) (Area in ha.) Cultivable waste 45,431 Current fallows 1,68,907 Net area sown 3,54,812 1. IRRIGATION Source of irrigation (2012) Canals 5685 (Area in ha.) Tanks 16,531 Dug wells 16,690 Bore / Tube wells 1,07,185 Others 106 Net area irrigated 1,46,197 Gross area irrigated 1,92,797 Major irrigation projects Nil (completed) Medium irrigation projects 8 Swarnamukhi, Kalangi, (completed) Mallimadugu, Araniyar, Krishna Puram, Bahuda, Pedderu, Siddala Gandi Major rock types Granites, Gneisss, Shales, 5. GEOLOGY quartzites, Laterites, Conglomerates Exploration by CGWB No. of wells drilled 112 Major aquifer zones 30 - 100 m. Aquifer parameters Transmissivity (m².m/day) Hard rock 20 – 300 Storage Co-efficient Hard rock 1x 10 -2 to 1x 10 -4 6. GROUND WATER Monitoring No. of observation wells 41 Dug wells Range of water levels Pre-monsoon( May 2012,) Minimum ( m bgl) 1.35 Maximum ( m bgl) 19.00 Post-monsoon (Nov 2012) Minimum ( m bgl) 0.03 Maximum ( m bgl) 18.75 Net annual ground water 153857 availability Net annual draft 116097 7. GROUND WATER Balance resource 37760 RESOURCES (MCM Stage of ground water 75% development No. of mandals categorised as Safe (<70 % of net available 8. GROUND WATER resource) 37 DEVELOPMENT Semi Critical (70 - 90 %) CATEGORY Critical (90 - 100 %) Over 9 exploited (> 100 %) 7 37 Electrical Conductivity (micro 750 to 3000 micro Siemens / cm at 25 deg. C) Siemens/cm at 25 deg. C 9. CHEMICAL Chloride (mg/l) QUALITY Fluoride (mg/l) 43 - 600 Nitrate (mg/l) 0.12 - 1.50 0 - 160 GROUND WATER BROCHURE CHITTOOR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH 1.0 INTRODUCTION Chittoor district is one of the chronically drought affected Rayalasema districts of Andhra Pradesh. It covers a geographical area of 15,152 sq. km and situated between 12° 37’ and 14°00’ North latitudes and 78°03’ and 79°55’ Eastern longitudes. Administratively the district is divided into 3 Revenue divisions, which are further sub-divided into 66 Revenue mandals (Fig.1). Farmers are mostly dependent on ground water for their irrigation purposes. The district receives moderate rainfall. Failure of monsoons during the last few years lead to failure of bore wells and failure of crops. Out of the total geographical area of 15,15,100 ha, the forests cover is 4,52,018 ha i.e., 30% of the total area. The barren and uncultivable land covers1,63,650 ha (11%) whereas the land put to non-agricultural use is 1,48,529 ha(9%). The current fallows and other fallow lands cover 1,34,536 ha. (8%) and1,14,920 ha (8%) respectively. The net area sown is 3,90,487 ha i.e., 27% of the total area. The area sown more than once is 40,899 ha (3%) making the total cropped area is 4,31,386 ha i.e., 30% of total. The details of land utilization are given Table-1. Table-1 Details of land utilization are given Sl.No. Category 2004-05 2005-06 2011-12 1. Forests 4,52,018 4,52,01 4,52,018 2. Barren and Uncultivable Land 164265 1642208 1,63,650 3. Land put to Non-Agricultural Use 142254 142254 1,48,529 4. Cultivable Waste 39512 43537 41,691 5. Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing 36527 36502 33,769, Lands 6. Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops 25173 25165 35,496 and Groves not Included in the Net Area Sown 7. Current Fallows 161759 114254 1,34,536 8. Other Fallow Lands 126276 117707 1,14,920 9. Net Area Sown 351674 403774 3,90,487 10. Total Geographical Area 15,15,100 15,15,10 15,15,100 11. Total Cropped Area 390336 443005 4,31,386 12. Area Sown more than once 36283 39229 40,899 2.0 DRAINAGE AND SOILS There are no major rivers in the district. Most of the rivers are ephemeral in nature carrying large quantities of water immediately after precipitation. The drainage is generally sub- articulate to sub-parallel following straight courses. The important drainage basins are Bahuda, Pincha, Swarnamukhi, Palar, Ponnaiand Araniyar. The Bahuda and Pincha are north flowing rivers, Swarnamikhi is east flowing, Palar is southeast flowing, Ponnai towards south and Araniyar is southeast flowing. According to the assessment made on the basis of village records, 57% of the area is covered by Red loamy soils, 34% by red sandy soils. The remaining 9% is covered by black clay (3%), black loamy (2%), black sandy (1%) and red clayey (3%). 3.0 PHYSIOGRAPHY The district forms a part of the Mysore plateau. The western and southwestern parts comprising Kuppam, Palamaneru, Punganur, Thamballapalle and Madanapalle areas have an altitude between 600 m and 900 m amsl. The altitude of central region comprising Bangarupalem, Chittoor, Piler, Vayalpad, Chandragiri areas have 300 m to 600 m amsl. The eastern/southern parts covering parts of Puttur, Karvetinagar, Satyavedu, Tottambedu and Srikalahasty areas have an altitude of less than 300 m amsl. This indicates that the elevation in the district is highly variable and having steep slopes. 4.0 GEOLOGY The district is underlain by formations of Archaean, Proterozoic, Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary and Quaternary ages. The oldest rocks in the area belong to Migmatite Complex, represented by migmatised quartzo-felspathic gneiss and are exposed in the northeastern part of the district. Older metamorphics comprise amphibolites, hornblende-talc-mica-schist, fuchsite quartzite, calc-sillicate rock, marble and banded ferruginous quartzite. These older metamorphics occur as enclaves within Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC). The PGC comprises a complex assemblage of gneissic variants and granitic rocks, which occupy almost major part of the district. PGC in the area is represented by biottte-homblende gneiss, biotite granite and migmatite. The Dharwar Supergroup of rocks represented by quartz-mica schist, amphibolite schist, quartzo-flespathic mica schist (Champion gneiss, metabasalt, matadacite and banded ferruginous quartzite, belonging to various schist belts and occur as long linear N-S trending belts and overlie PGC non-conformably. Acid intrusives of Proterozoic Age comprises granite and quartz veins. The granite plutons are exposed as patches and linear bodies in southwestern and northwestern parts of the district respectively. The basic dykes include dolerites. Three sets of dolerite dykes trends E-W, N-S, and NW-SE, traverse The southern tip of the well-known Cuddapah Basin falls in the northeastern part of the district. Shale and quartzite of Bairenkonda Formation, shales/phyllite and limestone of Cumbum Formation are exposed in the district. The rocks of Gondwana Super group occur non- conformably over the PGC in southeastern part of the district, represented by Satyavedu Formation (Under Gondwana) and comprise motled, ferruginous quartzite and conglomerate with plant fossils. Laterite cappings occur over Gondwana formations. Large tracts of Alluvium occur along the major streams, which belong to Recent Age. 5.0 RAINFALL The average annual rainfall of the district is 976 mm, which ranges from 1 mm rainfall in March to 166.4 mm in October. October is the wettest months of the year. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 466.5 mm in southwest monsoon (June-September), 392.2 mm in northeast monsoon (Oct-Dec), 15.1 mm rainfall in winter (Jan-Feb) and 94.3 mm in summer (March – May). The percentage distribution of rainfall, season-wise, is 46.9% in southwest monsoon, 40.8 % in northeast monsoon, 1.7 percentage in winter and 10.6 % in summer. The mean monthly rainfall distribution is given in Fig.2. Fig.2 Mean monthly rainfall distribution The annual and seasonal rainfall distribution with its departure from mean along with year-wise percentage distribution is furnished in Table-2.