University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2019 Feeling Clumsy, Feeling Alien: Gender and Affect in Victorian Sensation Fiction Gracie Mae Bain University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Bain, Gracie Mae, "Feeling Clumsy, Feeling Alien: Gender and Affect in Victorian Sensation Fiction" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 3162. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3162 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Feeling Clumsy, Feeling Alien: Gender and Affect in Victorian Sensation Fiction A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English by Gracie Bain Arkansas State University Bachelor of Arts in English and Philosophy, 2017 May 2019 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. _________________________________ Sean Dempsey, Ph.D. Thesis Director _________________________________ _________________________________ Lissette Lopez Szwydky-Davis, Ph.D Susan Marren, Ph.D Committee Member Committee Member Abstract “Feeling Clumsy, Feeling Alien: Gender and Affect in Victorian Sensation Fiction” explores the interactions between the shock of sensation fiction and the affective potential of the genre using Sara Ahmed’s definition of the killjoy and the affect alien. Obviously, there are alternatives to shooting a man or beating a man to death. However, I argue that the sensation genre, as explained in its name, is potentially useful when thinking about affective ties in the Victorian period. The first chapter, “Tracing Sensations: Finding and Following the Killjoy” explores the affective footwork that readers of sensation fiction are asked to perform in their sympathetic process with the female villains and fallen heroines. Affective tools employed by sensational fiction create an understanding between the reader and the villains that occupied most of sensation fiction. The second chapter, "The Fallen Heroine: Feeling Injustice” discusses a sensational villain that perhaps more easily encourages sympathy: Ellen Wood’s Lady Isabel Vane turned Lady Carlyle in East Lynne. Chapter three, “The Villain: Feeling for the Enemy,” questions the easily defined femme fatale category of sensation novels and argues that Lady Audley’s actions in Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Lady Audley’s Secret can be attributed to her role as someone that affects the wrong way. Readers cannot entirely sympathize with Lady Audley or Isabel Vane, but they can recognize themselves within the frustrations and extenuating circumstances that create an environment in which the character feels the only course of action is seduction or murder. The affective possibility of Lady Audley and Isabel Vane relies on the proximity of the reader to the character’s situations. To navigate affect is to navigate affective orientation and proximity, and sensation fiction provides the opportunity for disorientation and inappropriate proximity. Acknowledgments Special thanks to my thesis director, Dr. Dempsey, for all of his help through the process of writing and planning. Also, much gratitude towards my fellow writing partners for their comradery during this caffeine-fueled process and to my partner for his support. Table of Contents A. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….1 B. Tracing Sensation: Finding and Following the Killjoy……………………………………….14 C. The Fallen Heroine: Feeling Injustice………………………………………………………...25 D. The Villain: Feeling for the Enemy…………………………………………………………..37 E. Accepting Clumsiness………………………………………………………………………...51 F. Works Cited and Consulted…………………………………………………………………...54 1 Introduction “‘Is there a fatality that follow men in the dark? And is it following us in that woman’s footsteps?’” (Armdale 105) In the often-cited review of sensation fiction, H.L Mansel associated the appeal of sensation fiction with shocks to the nervous system: “Written to meet an ephemeral demand, aspiring only to an ephemeral existence, it is natural that they should have recourse to rapid and ephemeral methods of awakening the interests of their readers… rather than as the solid food, because the effect is more immediately perceptible” (Mansel 485). The transitory nature that Mansel assigns to both sensation fiction and the affects associated with sensation fiction reveal the contemporary nineteenth-century notion of what value the genre held. Sensation fiction, while entertaining, is something of a sugar high because the immediacy associated with sensation fiction served as both a dismissal of the genre and a source of potential concern. Since authors of sensation fiction specifically wrote for young women, nineteenth- century critics considered sensation fiction to be dangerous because of its scandalous topics and inconsequential because of its supposed literary faults. The literature of the nineteenth-century “sensational sixties” focused on middle to upper-class Victorian households.1 Sensation fiction warned readers of sinister events occurring not just in isolated castles in the country or in the slums of London, but in the homes and under the noses of the respectable Victorian classes. Sensational villains were often seemingly “innocent” and beautiful young women capable of defrauding class mobility. Unlike a Dickensian portrayal of villains as aesthetically reflective of their sinful natures, sensationalism thrived on taking advantage of preconceived notions of 1 Sensation fiction carried through to the 1880s and 1890s. However, it enjoyed its major influx during the sensational sixties period. 2 morality and beauty. Villains were no longer immediately recognizable by their appearance; instead, the reader had to connect specific affects to the characters. The definition of sensation fiction is complicated. Perhaps Richard Nemesvari says it best, “Sensation fiction is constructed not as a unified form, but as an alterity against which opposed literary/cultural expectations may be recognized” (“Judged by a Purely Literary Standard” 18). In this project, I am using Alberto Gabriele’s four distinct characteristics of sensation fiction as a model: “1. A specific location with the description of a wealthy residence….2. A quiet bourgeois interior with scenes of domestic life….3. A visitor who breaks into the secluded peace of the family, posing, with the information he carries, a major threat to the reputation and economic stability of the family….4. A suspenseful ending that closes the chapter” (Gabriele 140, emphasis mine). In the above quote, I have emphasized language in which sensation is indicative of either a disruption or a delay because the temporality of sensation fiction is a key component to the genre. I include a text like Lady Audley’s Secret (1862) under the genre whereas I consider a novel like Rhoda Broughton’s Cometh Up as a Flower (1867) a bildungsroman with sensational and sexual content—not as a part of the distinct sensation fiction genre.2 Sensation fiction’s work was two-fold; the first, make sure everyone reading the text could not wait to read the ending, and the second, make sure that the plot and character actions surprised them. 2 One could argue that the “sensational bildungsroman” is simply a subgenre of a larger sensation fiction genre. While this may be a beneficial distinction to make at some point, for the sake of clarity I am using sensation fiction as Gabriele uses it. For a discussion of Cometh Up as a Flower as a sensation novel, see Faber, Lindsey. “One Sister’s Surrender: Rivalry and Resistance in Rhoda Broughton’s Cometh up as a Flower. Victorian Sensations: Essays on a Scandalous Genre, edited by Kimberley Harrison and Richard Fantina. The Ohio University Press, 2006, pp. 149-159. 3 Even though sensation fiction was incredibly popular during the nineteenth-century, it remained relatively unstudied—at least in terms of gender—until the 1980s and 1990s when feminists were eager to establish a female literary tradition. Gender critics sought to validate the sensational genre through literary merit or the potential subversiveness of the female authors. Often viewed and categorized as a sub-genre of melodrama or romanticism, arguing that sensation fiction was an amalgamation of other genres is problematic. While it built on and responded to previous genres, sensationalism reflected a very specific and simultaneously lasting cultural moment. By specific, I do not mean a fleeting moment—sensation fiction carried into the 1890s and many fin de siècle texts can be connected to sensational tropes—instead, I mean the result of nineteenth-century Victorian regulations and contradictions of gender, sexuality, power, and most importantly for this project, affect and feeling. Most sensational scholars agree that the genre attempted to complicate the distinction between performance and identity, which is poignant when considering the connection between certain affects and particular genders. If sensational women were asked to perform certain affects, like those of happiness and pleasure, then they frequently refused to perform those affects or alternatively, faked them. Sensation scholarship is increasingly being used to point out alternative