VU Research Portal Jesus as Kurban Christology in the Context of Islam in Indonesia Wibowo, W.S. 2014 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Wibowo, W. S. (2014). Jesus as Kurban Christology in the Context of Islam in Indonesia. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 Jesus as Kurban Christology in the Context of Islam in Indonesia Wahju Satria Wibowo i ii VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Jesus as Kurban Christology in the Context of Islam in Indonesia ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. F.A. van der Duyn Schouten, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid op dinsdag 16 december 2014 om 11.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Wahju Satria Wibowo geboren te Karawang, Indonesië iii promotor: prof. dr. M.E. Brinkman copromotor: dr. A.G. Hoekema iv Jesus as Kurban Christology in the Context of Islam in Indonesia Wahju Satria Wibowo v vi Table of Contents Introduction ……………………………………………………... …. 1 1. General Overview of the Problem ………………………………… …. 1 2. The Problem ………………………………………………………. …. 6 3. Assumptions ………………………………………………………. …. 7 4. Methodology ………………………………………………………. …. 7 Chapter I : Christological Trends in Asia …………………………………….. 10 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………. 10 2. Major Context of Asia …………………………………………………. 10 2.1. Poverty ……………………………………………………….. …… 11 2.2. Religious Pluralism …………………………………………… …… 12 3. Uncertainty in Asia: Christendom or Christ? …………………………… 15 3.1. ‘Helicopter Theory’ ……………………………………………….. 19 3.2. Traditional Christologies and Asian Responses …………………… 20 3.3. Challenges by Other Religions …………………………………….. 21 3.3.1. Keshub Chundar Sen ………………………………………. 20 3.3.2. Pratap Chandra Mozoomdar ……………………………….. 23 4. Direction of Christology in Asia ……………………………………….. 24 4.1. Christocentrism …………………………………………………… 25 4.1.1. M.M. Thomas ……………………………………………… 25 4.1.2. Aloysius Pieris ……………………………………………… 26 4.2. Christocentric Theology ………………………………………….. 29 4.2.1. Choan Seng Song ………………………………………….. 29 4.2.2. Kosuke Koyama …………………………………………… 31 4.3.Theocentrism ……………………………………………………….. 34 4.3.1. Stanley Samartha …………………………………………… 34 4.3.2. Jung Young Lee ……………………………………………. 36 5. Special Case: Christology in a Muslim Context in Pakistan …………… 38 5.1. General Context of Pakistan ……………………………………… 38 5.2. David Emmanuel Singh …………………………………………… 40 5.3. Michael Nazir Ali ………………………………………………….. 41 5.4. Charles Amjad Ali ………………………………………………….. 42 5.5. Alexander Malik …………………………………………………… 43 6. Special Case: Christology in a Muslim Context in Malaysia …………… 44 6.1. General Context of Malaysia ……………………………………… 44 6.2. Batumalai Sadayandy: Jesus as an Intercessor …………………… 46 6.3. Ng Kam Weng …………………………………………………… 48 7. Concluding Remarks …………………………………………………… 49 vii Chapter II: General Overview of the Indonesian Context ……………………… 51 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………. 51 2. National Context ………………………………………………………. 52 2.1. Ethnicity …………………………………………………………… 52 2.2. Social Economic Conditions ……………………………………… 53 2.3. Religion …………………………………………………………… 54 2.4. Pancasila …………………………………………………………… 55 2.5. Hinduism and Buddhism ………………………………………….. 58 2.6. Confucianism and the Other Traditional Belief Systems ………….. 59 3. Christianity and Islam in Indonesia ……………………………………. 60 3.1. Christianity ………………………………………………………… 60 3.1.1. Development of the Mainstream Protestant Churches ……… 61 3.1.2. Development of the Pentecostal, Evangelical and Charismatic Churches ……………………………………….………….. 62 3.1.3. Development of Roman Catholic Church …………………. 64 3.2. Islam ………………………………………………………………. 65 3.2.1. General Overview of Muslims in Indonesia ……………….. 65 3.2.2. Muhammadiyah ……………………………………………. 66 3.2.3. Nahdlatul Ulama …………………………………………… 67 3.2.4. Muslim Fundamentalism ………………………………….. 68 3.3. Christian-Muslim Relation ……………………………………….. 70 3.3.1. Before Independence ………………………………………. 70 3.3.2. After Independence ………………………………………… 72 3.3.2.1.Government Policy ……………………………………. 72 3.3.2.2.Reformation …………………………………………… 73 3.3.2.3.Dian Interfidei …………………………………………… 74 3.4. Historical Debates on Christology in Indonesia …………………… 75 3.4.1. Apologetic Debate ………………………………………… 75 3.4.2. A Different Direction …………………………………….. 78 4. Concluding Remarks …………………………………………………… 81 Chapter III: Christology in the Indonesian Context …………………………… 82 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………… 82 2. Indonesian Theologians: Answering the Context ……………………. 82 2.1.Understanding Jesus: The efforts of the local missionaries in the 19th century..……………………………………………………. 82 2.2.Contemporary Theologians ………………………………………… 85 2.2.1. J.B. Banawiratma …………………………………………… 85 2.2.1.1.Jesus as a Teacher ……………………………………… 88 2.2.1.2.Jesus as a Revealer ……………………………………… 89 2.2.1.3.Jesus as the Liberator …………………………………… 89 2.2.1.4.Jesus as the Word of God ………………………………. 90 2.2.2. Andreas Yewangoe ………………………………………… 92 2.2.2.1.Jesus as the God Who Suffers ………………………… 94 2.2.2.2.Jesus as the Kurban …………………………………… 95 2.2.3. Daniel Lucas Lukito ……………………………………… 99 2.2.4. Emanuel Gerrit Singgih …………………………………… 101 viii 2.2.5. Stanley Rambitan ………………………………………….. 103 2.2.6. Bambang Subandrio ………………………………………... 104 2.2.7. Mery Kolimon: Women’s Voice …………………………. 106 2.2.8. Ioanes Rakhmat …………………………………………… . 108 3. Critical Remarks …………………………………………………….. 110 3.1. Criteria: Roger Haight, Martien Brinkman and Aloysius Pieris …….. 111 3.2. Jesus in the Context of Suffering in Indonesia ……………………. 116 3.3. Jesus in the Context of Women …………………………………… 120 3.4. Cultural Jesus ……………………………………………………… 122 3.5. Jesus in the Dialogue with Islam …………………………. ……… 124 4. Concluding Remarks …………………………………………………… 129 Chapter IV: Jesus as a Kurban: Christology in the Context of Islam in Indonesia ………………………………………………… 131 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………….. 131 2. Kenotic Mission of Jesus ……………………………………………….. 132 3. Jesus as Mediator Between Humanity and Divinity ……………………. 134 4. Kurban In the Muslim Context ………………………………………… 136 4.1. General Concept …………………………………………………… 136 4.1.1. Meaning of Kurban ………………………………………… 136 4.1.2. Concept of Shafa’a ………………………………………… 137 4.2. Denial of the Cross ………………………………………………. 139 4.3. Afirmation of the Death ………………………………………….. 142 4.4. Sufi Interpretations of Suffering and Martyrdom …………………. 143 4.5. Jihad, Kurban and Martyr ………………………………………… 146 5. Jesus as a Kurban in the Christian Tradition ………………………….. 151 5.1. Kurban in the Old Testament ……………………………………… 151 5.1.1. Blood ……………………………………………………….. 153 5.1.2. Theology of Sacrifice ……………………………………… 154 5.2. Kurban in the New Testament …………………………………….. 156 5.2.1. Jesus’ Sacrifice in the Gospels …………………………….. 156 5.2.2. Jesus’ Sacrifice in the Letters of Paul ……………………… 160 5.2.3. Letter to the Hebrews ……………………………………… 161 5.2.4. Book of Revelation ……………………………………….. 162 5.2.5. Brief Summary of the Role of Sacrifice in the New Testament ……………………………………….. 163 6. Kurban and the Concept of Atonement in the Christian Tradition …… 161 7. Eucharist as a Commemoration of the Kurban ……………………….. 167 8. Concluding Remarks …………………………………………………. 170 Chapter V: Conclusion and Perpectives ………………………………………. 173 1. Concluding Remarks …………………………………………………. 173 2. Reflection: Jesus as a Kurban in the Social Context of Indonesia ……. 178 3. Future Research ……………………………………………………… 186 Summary ……………………………………………………………………… 189 ix Samenvatting …………………………………………………………………. 196 Short Biography ………………………………………………………………. 203 Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 204 x Acknowledgements The writing of this dissertation has been one of the most significant academic challenges I have ever faced in my academic journey. As a pastor from Pasundan Christian Church, I never thought that I would be able to write a dissertation and earn a Ph.D degree. However, the opportunity for this arose when the Faculty of Theology of Duta Wacana Christian University in Yogyakarta asked the Pasundan Christian Church to allow me to teach at the University and to study for my Ph.D. at the VU University Amsterdam. It has been a long and challenging journey, and without the support, patience and guidance of many people, this dissertation would not have been completed. First of all, I am deeply grateful to Prof. Dr. Martien Brinkman, my supervisor (promotor) at the VU University Amsterdam for his invaluable support, patience, encouragement, suggestions, and comments. He has supported me ever since I applied to the Faculty of Theology at the VU University in the Research